THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Mallet was preeminently a preacher of simplicity and orthodoxy, as may be seen from the collection of his sermons and addresses ed'ted by his son at Bremen in 1867. He was also active as an editor, and in 1832 founded at Bremen the Bremer Kirchenbote, which ran until 1847, when it was replaced by the Bremer Schlussel (1848-50) and the Bremer Post (1856-60). He polemized against the Roman Catholics and against rationalism, to both of which he was bitterly opposed. In this spirit he wrote Ueber den Heiligen- und Bilderdienst in der romischen Kirche (Bremen, 1842), Zeugnisse (2 parts, 1845), Gestdndniss (1845), and Memoiren eines Weltmannes (1847). From 1848 to 1852 he was involved in a controversy with the pantheistic pastor, Rodolf Dulon, against whom he wrote several pamphlets and who was finally dismissed from his position. Mallet's activity in all movements for Christian union and missions was untiring. In 1819 he assisted in the establishment of the first Bremen missionary society, and in 1834 in the foundation of the first young men's association and a society for the dissemination of Christian tracts, while in 1844 he devoted much of his energy to the furtherance of the Gustav-Adolf-Verein. His principal writings, in addition to those already mentioned, are: Die Weisen aus dem Morgenlande (Bremen, 1852); Passions- und Festpredigten (Frankfort, 1859); Altcs und Neues (Bremen, 1864); and the posthumous Neues und Altes, edited by his son (Bremen, 1868). (J F. iKENf.)
Bibliography: C. A. Wilkens, Friedrich Mallet, . . eine Biographie, Bremen, 1872 (a model biography); H. Hupfeld, Friedrich Ludvrig Mallet, ib. 1865; W. H. Meurer, Zur Erinnerung an Friedrich Ludwig Mallet, ib. 1872.
MALMESBURY, WILLIAM OF. See William.
MALTA, KNIGHTS OF. See John, Saint, Knights of.
MALVENDA, TOMAS: Spanish Dominican; b. at Xativa (43 m. s.s.w. of Valencia) 1566; d. at Valencia May 7, 1628. He devoted his chief efforts to the text of the Bible, although he also wrote on dogmatics and church history. In 1600 he submitted to Cardinal Baronius a list of passages in the Annates ecclesiastici and the Roman Martyrology which he deemed incorrect, and the cardinal thereupon summoned him to Rome, where the general of his order entrusted him with the correction of the Dominican breviary, missal, and martyrology, his work appearing in 1603. At the direction of the Congregation of the Index, Malvenda revised the Bibliotheca patrum of Margarin de la Bigne (9 vols., Paris, 1575-76), and in 1607 published at Rome his critical notes on this work. About the same time he began his Annales ordinis fratrum prmdicatorum, but carried it only through thirty years (ed. D. Gravina, 2 vols., Naples, 1627). In 1610 Malvenda was recalled to Spain and appointed by the grand inquisitor on a committee to prepare a Spanish Index librorum ■prohibitorum. His chief work, however, was his commentary on the Bible, together with a new translation from the Hebrew, as far as Ezek. xvi. (5 vols., Lyons, 1650). Among his numerous other writings special mention may be made of his Libri novem
de Antichristo (Rome, 1604) and his De paradiso voluptatis (1605). (O. ZocKXERt.)
Bibliography: J. Qu^tif and J. Echard, Scriptoret ordinis prmdicatorum, ii. 454-455, Paris, 1721; L. E. Du Pin, Nouvelle bibliotheque des auteurs ecclesiastiques, xvii. 86- 93, 35 vols., Paris, 1698-1711; H. Hurter, Nomendator literarius theologies recentioris, i. 312-314, Innsbruck, 1892; F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Biicher, i. 554-555 Bonn, 1883; KL, viii. 582.
MAMACHI, mo-ma'chi, TOMMASO MARIA: Italian Roman Catholic; b. in the island of Chios Dec. 3, 1713; d. at Corneto, near Montefiascone (50 m. n.n.w. of Rome), June 7, 1792. He was taken to Italy by his parents at an early age and was educated in the cloister of St. Mark at Florence by the Dominicans, of whose order he afterward became a member. In 1736 he was ordained priest and was made by Benedict XIV. a doctor of divinity and a member of the Congregation of the Index. Under Pius VI. he became master of the holy palace and in 1779 secretary of the Index. Among his works may be named: De ratione temporum Athanasianorum, deque aliquot synodis iv. seculo celebralis, epistolw iv (Rome, 1748), directed against G. D. Mansi; Originum et antiquitatum Christianarum libri xx (four books only were published; 6 vols., 1749-55; new ed., 6 vols., 1839-51); De' costumi de' primitive Cristiani libri tre (3 vols., Venice, 1757; new ed., 2 vols., Florence, 1853; Germ, transl., 3 vols., Augsburg, 1796); Del diritto libero delta chiesa di acquistare e di possedere beni temporali (3 vols., Rome, 1769-70); and De ratione regendce Christiana reipublicm, deque legitima Romani pontificis auctoritate (3 vols., Rome, 1776— 1778), directed against J. N. von Hontheim (q.v.). Bibliography: H. Hurter, Nomendator literarius, iii. 412-
413, Innnbruck, 1886; KL, viii. 583-584; Lichtenberger,
ESR, viii. 622-623.
MAMERTUS. See Clatjdiantjs Mamerttjs.
MAMMON: Aramaic for "wealth" or "gain." It is a word of uncertain etymology, and is found in the Aramaic (" what one has saved "), in Syriac, and in Carthaginian and Phenician (lucrum, " wealth "), possibly in the Arabic (" a deposit "). The Targum of Onkelos renders by it the Hebrew for "ransom" (Ex. xxi. 30; Num. xxxv. 31), also the word " gain " (Gen. xxxvii. 26; Ex. xviii. 21). Accordingly in Matt. vi. 24 and Luke xvi. 9, 11, 13, the word must mean " possession," " wealth," or "money." The meaning was not necessarily sinister; the accompanying adjectival expression gives it that sense in the Targum on I Sam. viii. 3; Isa. xxxiii. 15; Ezek. xxii. 27; Hos. v. 11; Prov. xv. 27; Hab. ii. 9; and Ezek. xxii. 13. In Luke xvi. 9 sqq. the meaning is not that money sinfully acquired is best spent in alms (Holtzmann), but that the earthly possessions of the children of the kingdom of God are called " unrighteous " because not properly held by them, since their rightful possession is the kingdom of God. The good which is foreign [to one's nature] he is to bestow in order to obtain that possession which is really his own. There is known no god or demon " mamon " as Weiss (on Luke xvi. 9) supposed. (G. Dalman.)
Bibliography: The commentaries on the passages cited, particularly that of Plummer on Luke xvi. 9-13 (New