THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
£56
iarum, which is now known to be a composite work. A full discussion is to be found in the preface to H. R. Luard's masterly ed. of the Flares, no. 95 of Rolls Series, London, 1890. See Matthew Paris.
MATTHIAS: According to Acts i. 23, one of the witnesses of the ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus. He was therefore received among the Twelve, but no traditions have been preserved regarding his activity, although the early Church considered him one of the seventy disciples. The third and fourth centuries possessed a heretical Gospel of Matthias (see Apocrypha, B, I., 28). (A. Hauck.)
MAULBRONN : A little town of Wiirttemberg, 23 m. n.w. of Stuttgart, noteworthy as the seat of a former Cistercian monastery and as the place where a Protestant conference was held in 1564 and a formula drawn up in 1576. The monastery was founded about 1138 by Walter of The Lomersheim at a distance of an hour Monastery, and a half from the present village, whence it was transferred by Bishop Giinther of Speyer, between Aug., 1146, and May, 1147, to the valley of the Salzach, where it still forms one of the best-preserved monasteries in Germany. Its daughter abbeys were Bronnbach (1151) and Schonthal (1157). At the beginning of the Reformation it was a center of the monks who remained faithful to the Roman Catholic Church; but in 1557 it received a Protestant abbot, although for a short time during the Thirty Years' War it again came under Roman Catholic control. It is now the seat of a famous theological seminary. The Colloquy of Maulbronn arose from the introduction of Calvinism into the Palatinate by the Elector Frederick III., and especially from the formulation of the Heidelberg Catechism in 1563 (see Heidelberg Catechism; and Philippists). The neighboring Lutheran princes, seek- The Collo- ing both to unite Protestantism and to quy of maintain pure doctrine, proposed to Maulbronn. Frederick (Oct. 4, 1563) to hold a conference of the rival schools in the presence of the princes. Though at first reluctant, Frederick finally consented to a secret " friendly colloquy" to be held at Maulbronn immediately after Easter, the theme to be the meaning of the words of institution. The conference, attended by Frederick and Duke Christopher of Wiirttemberg, with an imposing array of theologians and officials on either side, was accordingly held in ten sessions on Apr. 10-15, 1564. Eight of these were consumed in a debate on the ubiquity of the body of Christ, without reaching any conclusion whatsoever; and the remaining sessions were devoted to an equally useless attempt to reach harmony in Eucharistic doctrine. The princes, hard pressed by affairs of state, put an end to the fruitless debates, and on Apr. 17 the protocols were compared and signed, the two princes exchanging written statements of their several beliefs. Despite the bond of secrecy, the affair leaked out through letters in which the Calvinists boasted that they had triumphed over the Lutherans. The result was a series of publications of the transactions of the conference. These were, on the Lutheran side, J. Brenz, Wahrhaffliger und grundtlicher Bericht
von dem Gesprdch zwischen des Churfiirsten Pfaltzgrafen und des Hertzogen zu Wiirthemberg Theologen von des Herrn Nachtmahl zu Maulbronn gehalten (Frankfort, 1564; Lat. ed., 1564); Protocoll des Gesprechs dem Original gleichformig, one Zusatz
und Abbruch (Tubingen, 1565); Erklarung der Wiirttembergischen Theologen Bekanndtnuss der
wahrhafftigen Gegenwartigkeit im heiligen
Abendmahl (1565); and Letzte Antwort der Wirttembergischen Theologen wider die Heydelbergische (1566). On the Calvinistic side appeared Protocoll, das ist, Acta oder Handlungen des Gesprechs zwischen den P/dltzischen und Wirtembergischen Theologen item, der Wirtembergischen Theologen von gemeldtem Gesprech desselben Jares aussgangener Bericht, samt der Pfaltzischen Theologen wahrhafftigem und bestendigem Gegenbericht (Heidelberg, 1565; Lat. ed., 1566) ; Solida refutatio sophismatum et cavillationum quibus Wiirtenbergici totam controversiam incrustaverunt (1565); and Bestendige Antwort der Pfaltzischen Theologen auf der Wirtembergischen Theologen Erklarung und Bekenntniss (1566). The ensuing controversy involved the theologians of Wittenberg and elsewhere, who decided against the Calvinistic position. Duke Christopher, however, alarmed by the growth of Calvinism in Germany, appealed in addition to the Evangelical princes, and it was only through the energetic intervention of the Elector Frederick at the Diet of Augsburg in 1566 that the threatened storm was averted.
Far more peaceable was the conference held at Maulbronn in 1576, at which theologians from Wiirttemberg, Baden, and Henneberg drew up the "Maulbronn formula," one of the The bases of the "Formula of Concord" " Maulbronn (q.v.) . In conformity with the desire of Formula." the Elector August of Saxony to secure doctrinal unity among the Evangelical churches of Germany, a preliminary document was drafted at Stuttgart on Nov. 14, 1575, which formed the basis of the formula adopted at Maulbronn on Jan. 19, 1576 (first printed by T. Pressel in Jahrbucherfur deutsche Theologie, 1866, 640-711). This was sent to August, who, about the same time, received the Swabo-Saxon formula of Duke Julius of Brunswick. At the Conference of Torgau, opened May 28, 1576, the latter was made the basis of discussion, though with the incorporation of all the essentials of the Maulbronn formula, the result being the " Book of Torgau." In September of the same year a second conference of theologians from Wiirttemberg, Baden, and Henneberg was held at Maulbronn, at which the "Book of Torgau" was ratified in all essentials. (E. Nestle.)
Bibliography: On the monastery, besides the literature under Cistercians, consult: F. Eisenlohr, Mitlclaltcrliche Bauwerke im sudwestlichen Deutschland, Carlsruhe, 1853-57; J. and P. Hartmann, Wegweiser durch das Master Maulbronn, Stuttgart, 1875; E. Paulus, Die Cisterzienserabtei Maulbronn, Stuttgart, 1889; E. Bassler, Kleiner Fiihrer durch das Kloster Maulbronn, Maulbronn, 1902; A. Mettler, Zur Klosteranlage der Zisterzienser und zur Baugeschichte Maulbronns, Stuttgart, 1909.
On the Maulbronn Colloquy consult: G. J. Planck, Geschichle . unsers protestantischen Lehrbegriffs, v. 2, pp. 487 sqq., 6 vols., Leipsic, 1791-1800; H. L. J. Heppe, Geschichle des deutschen Protestantism.ua, ii. 71 sqq., Frankfort, 1865-66; A. Kluckhohn, Friedrich der Fromme, pp. 166 sqq., Nordlingen, 1876-79.