THE NEW SCHAFF-IIERZOG
hindered by the profundity of his statements. He was one of the men who profoundly influenced thought both in England and in America. This he did not less by the fact that he was a voluminous writer than by his sincerity and earnestness, being always ready to resign a position rather than to be deemed insincere in holding it, and by his essentially irenic disposition. His industry was remarkable, as is attested by the number of his works (cf. G. J. Gray, Bibliography of the Writings of F. D. Maurice, London, 1885). The most important of these are: The Kingdom of Christ, or Hints to a Quaker Respecting the Principle, Constitution, and Ordinances of the Catholic Church (3 vols., London, 1837, 3d ed., 1883); The Epistle to the Hebrews (Warburtonian Lectures; 1846); The Religions of the World and their Relations to Christianity (Boyle Lectures; Cambridge, 1847); The Old Testament, Nineteen Sermons (London, 1851; 2d ed. issued as Patriarchs and Lawgivers of the Old Testament, Cambridge, 1855); Theological Essays (London, 1853) ; The Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament (Cambridge, 1853); Ecclesiastical History of the First and Second Centuries (1854); Claims of the Bible and of Science (on the Colenso controversy; 1863); The Gospel of the Kingdom of Heaven; a Course of Lectures on the Gospel of Luke (1864); The Conscience; Lectures on Casuistry (London, 1868) ; Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy (2 vols., 1871-72); and The Friendship of Books, and Other Lectures, ed. T. Hughes (1874). Matthew Arnold's remark that Maurice was always beating the bush bu". never started the hare is accepted as just by ma ay who think that Maurice has been much overrated, and that his "profundity" is frequently allied with obscurity.
Bibliography: Life of Frederick Denison Maurice, chiefly told in his own Letters, ed. by his Son, Frederick Maurice, London, 1884; C. Fox, Memories of Old Friends, vol. ii. passim, ib. 1882; C. G. F. Masterman, Frederick Denison Maurice, ib. 1907; DNB, xxxvii. 97-105.
MAURY, mo"ri', JEAN SIFFREIN: French cardinal; b. at Valreas (78 m. n.n.w. of Marseilles), France, June 26, 1746; d. at Montefiascone (about 50 m. n.n.w. of Rome), Italy, May 11, 1817. He wa'j educated in the seminary of Avignon, but ocupied himself more with literature than theology. By his Oraison funcbre du Dauphin, panegyrique de saint Louis (Paris, 1766), he attracted great attention as an orator; was made abbot of Frenade, and prior of Lyons, and published his best work Essai sur I'eloquence de la chaire (new ed., Paris, 1810, Eng. transl., Principles of Eloquence, London, 1793). Elected a member of the States General in 1789, and of the constituent assembly, he played a conspicuous part, defending the prerogatives of the crown, the privileges of the nobility, and the immunities of the church. Compelled to emigrate in 1792, he repaired to Rome, where he was received by Pius VI. with great honor; made archbishop in partibus of Xiceea, bishop of Montefiascone, and cardinal 1794. At the instance of Pius VII., it is said, he wrote a humble letter to Napoleon, Aug. 22, 1804, which resulted in his reconciliation with the French Government. In 1806 he returned to Paris; and so absolutely did he devote himself to
Napoleon that he became an object of hatred to the legitimists and the ultramontanes. In 1810 Napoleon made him archbishop of Paris; but the chapter protested against the appointment, and the pope refused his sanction. He was expelled from his see as soon as the Bourbons returned, and, when he went to Rome to lay the case before the pope, was imprisoned in the castle of San Angelo until he resigned his see. His (Euvres choisies were published by his nephew (5 vols., Paris, 1827); his Correspondance diplomatique et memoires inedits appeared in 2 vols. (Lille, 1891); his CEuvres oratoires completes are in Migne, Collection des orateurs sacres,
vol. lxvii.
Bibliography: J. J. F. Poujoulat, Le Cardinal Maury, ea vie, ses wuvres, Paris, 1859; G. Bonet-Maury, Le Cardinal Maury d'apres ses memoires et sa correspondance inedits 1746-1817, ib. 1892.
MAUSBACH, maus'baH, KARL JOSEPH: German Roman Catholic; b. at Wipperfeld (a village near Wipperfiirth, 23 m. n.e. of Cologne) Feb. 7, 1861. He was educated at the University of Miinster (D.D., 1888) and the theological seminary at Eichstatt, having already been a curate in Cologne in 1884. He was teacher of religion in Miinchen- Gladbach from 1889 to 1892, and since the latter year has been professor of moral theology and apologetics at the University of Mtinster. He has written: D. Thomas Aquinatis de voluntate et appetitu sensitivo doctrina (Paderborn, 1888); Christenhnn und Weltmoral (Mtinster, 1897); Die katholische Moral, ihre Methoden, Grundsdtze und Aufgaben (Cologne, 1901); Die ultramontane Moral nach Graf Paul von Hoensbroech (Berlin, 1902) ; Kernfragen christlicher Welt- und Lebensanschauung (Miinchen-Gladbach, 1903-08); Weltgrund und Menschheitsziel (1904); Ausgewdhlte Texte zur allgemeinen Moral aus Thomas von Aquin (Mtinster, 1905); Die Stellung der Frau im Menschheitsleben (Miinchen- Gladbach, 1906); Altchristliche undmoderne Gedanken iiber Frauenberuf (1906) ; and Die Ethik des heiligen Augustinus (2 vols., Freiburg, 1909).
MAXIMIANUS. See Diocletian.
MAXIMINUS, max"i-mai'ntrs, THRAX, CAIUS JULIUS VERUS: Roman emperor, 235-238; b. of Gothic and Alan parentage in Thrace, probably in 173; d. at Aquileia (the modern Aquileja, 21 m. w.n.w. of Triest) June 17, 238. The first barbarian to occupy the throne of the Caesars, he was in early life a cowherd and later a cavalryman. Eight feet in height, and powerful and brave in proportion, he gained the favor of Alexander Severus, who made him a senator and the head of a legion, as well as a trainer of the recruits among his compatriots. In the campaign against the Germans, the soldiers proclaimed Maximinus emperor. In terror of the troops, the senate confirmed their choice, but the new emperor never came to Rome, preferring to remain with his soldiers and conquer the Germans, after which he went to Pannonia. But the brutality of his rule, accentuated by his suspicious nature and his knowledge of his lack of culture, resulted in a cruelty and oppression which led to his assassination.
Shortly after his accession to the throne, Maxi-