THE NEW SCHAFP-HERZOG
Brunswick, 1868; idem, Friedrich der Fromme, pp. 79 sqq., Nordlingen, 1879; O. Zockler, Die Augsburger Konfession, pp. 48 sqq., Frankfort, 1S70; B. Kugler, Christoph Herzog «u W iirttemberg , ii. 183 sqq., Stuttgart, 1872; M. Ritter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation, i. 153-154, 209 sqq., ib. 1889; A. Heidenhaim, Die Vnionsvolitik Landgraf Philipps von Hessen, 1567— 1562, pp. 185-286, Halle, 1890.
NAUSEA (GRAU), FRIEDRICH: German Roman Catholic; b. at Waischenfeld, Upper Franconia, Bavaria, 1480; d. at Trent Feb. 6, 1552. He seems to have taught for a time at Nuremberg, and was then a private tutor of a son of Schwartzenberg, first at Leipsic, and then at Pavia and Padua, where he received his doctorate in law in 1523. In 1524 he went to Germany as secretary to Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio (q.v.). The same year, besides being commissioned to restore Melanchthon and Erasmus to the Roman Catholic Church, he was made papal notary and count of the Lateran. In 1525 he was given the parish of St. Bartholomew, Frankfort, which, however, on account of Lutheran opposition, he exchanged for the post of cathedral preacher in Mainz. Here he became one of the chief Roman Catholic preachers and apologists of the Reformation period. As preacher and counselor he was active at the Diet of Speyer in 1529. After a year in Italy, where he received the theological doctorate at Sienna, he went to Vienna as court chaplain and councilor to the Emperor Ferdinand. In 1538 he was made bishop coadjutor of Vienna, but still preached regularly before the court. In 1539 he published at Leipsic brief postilla of the Gospels to replace those of Luther. At the emperor's request, Nausea took part in the Hagenau conference in 1540, and in the same year delivered at Worms his Hortatio ad ineundam in Christiana religione concordiam (Mainz, 1540), in which he urged the acceptance of the tradition of the Fathers. In 1541 he succeeded to the episcopal see of Vienna. His attempts at reform within his diocese failed to secure imperial support; but in 1551 he attended the Council of Trent as Ferdinand's orator, taking an active part in the debates on the Eucharist, penance, and extreme unction, and on Jan. 7, 1552, preaching on the mass and the priesthood. His works include, besides many sermons: Responsa ad aliquot Germanicm nationis gravamina (1538); Catechismus catholicus (1543; 2d ed., Antwerp, 1551); Pastoralium inquisitionum elenchi tres (Vienna, 1547); and Isagogicon de clericis ordinandis (1548). (G. Kawerau.)
Bibliography: A volume of Epistolm miscellanea to him was published Basel, 1551. Consult: the biography by J. Metzner, Regensburg, 1884; T. Wiedemann, Geschichte der Reformation und Gegenreformation im I,ande unter der Enns, i. 227 sqq., ii. 27 sqq., Prague, 1878-80; W. Friedensburg, in ZKG, xx (1899), 500 sqq., xxi (1900), 537 sqq.; ADB, xxiii. 321 sqq.; KL, ix. 50 sqq.
NAVIGATION.
Hebrew Names for Ships (§ 1). Form, Construction, and Tackle (§ 2). Early Hebrew Navigation. Tarahish (§ 3). Later Hebrew Navigation (§4).
The most frequent name for ship in the Old Testament is 'oni, a collective, 'oniyyah being a noun of individuality. It is applied to vessels of the most various sizes. In Job ox. 26 the expression " swift
ships " is probably identical in meaning with the " vessels of bulrushes " of Isa. xviii. 2, and recalls the boats known, e.g., to Pliny (Hist. i. Hebrew naturalis, xiii. 21 sqq.), and still used in Names the Sudan, made out of papyrus reeds. for Ships. They are practically rafts of no great size, made of bundles of reeds tied together and kept in motion with poles or short oars. But the word 'oni is used with qualifying words (" ships of the sea," Ezek. xxvii. 9; " ships of Tarshish," Ezek. xxvii. 25) to denote vessels which sail the open seas. A rarer word is zi (Num. xxiv. 24; Isa. xxxiii. 21; Ezek. xxx. 29; Dan. xi. 30), which in Daniel and Numbers implies ships of war, probably also in Isaiah, but the passage in Ezekiel is better represented by " swift ships." The word sephinah is found only in Jonah i. 5.
Exceedingly instructive is the passage Ezek. xxvii. l-9a, 25-36, in the matter of construction, equipment, and manning of vessels. Tyre is pictured as a splendid ship of commerce. 2. Form, The double planks are of cypress Construction, brought from Senir (Hermon); the and Tackle, mast is of cedar of Lebanon, while the oars are of oak brought from Bashan; the deck (or cabin?) is of " te'asshur " wood inlaid with ivory, brought from " the isles of Chittim " (a name derived originally from Cition in Cyprus, and then applied generally to the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean). The sail is of some valuable material wrought in Egypt and decorated with figures which had some connection with the business or the importance of the ship. The awning is of blue and purple. The word which is rendered " mariners " in verse 27 (mallah) is not to be connected with the word for salt (melah), but with the Babylonian malahu, " sailors." A part of the ship's company consisted of " pilots " (i.e., the sailors who managed the tackle); and a part, of rowers. There can be no doubt that the prophet who penned this picture drew upon his knowledge of Phenician shipping, and the account is the more valuable since no other reports are known of the material and equipment of a Phenician vessel. There are, however, pictured on a relief from Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh vessels which are probably of Phenician origin. Two kinds of ships appear, one of which is a war vessel, equipped with a ram. They have two banks of oars, four in each bank, and each has two steering oars or rudders toward the stern, one on each side. Each ship has one mast and carries a yard, the ends of which are connected with the mast by ropes. The sail is apparently four-cornered, and from it one rope is carried to the bow and two to the stern. The other kind of ship is without the ram, is somewhat shorter and decidedly rounded in shape. This has no mast or tackle; three men on board are equipped with two spears each; and other general characteristics indicate that this is a second and smaller variety of war vessel. The merchant vessels were probably of this latter type, shorter and rounder, equipped with mast, stays, yard, sail, and steering oars, sometimes also oars for propulsion, though these could hardly be used for heavy ships of burden. It is likely that the bow