THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
At the stern was the flagstaff from which the pennant flew. The rudder could be unshipped either when in harbor or during severe storms. Some ships carried several anchors (Acts xxvii. 29), though sometimes heavy stones were used. Exactness in direction was unattainable in early navigation, the course being laid by the stars, and only dead reckoning of a sort was available, though a certain facility in calculating the ship's position was gained by practise, and charts were in the possession of sailors. On account of the necessity of sailing under clear skies, navigation was as a rule suspended between October and the spring. The "undergirding" of the ship (Acts xxvii. 17) is understood in two ways; one is the stretching of a strong rope around the ship just above the water line, the other places the rope amidship, passing under the keel and over the bulwarks and deck. The latter method was especially adapted to a ship of burden which carried its freight chiefly in the waist. (H. Guthe).
Bibliography: On the names consult: S. Frankel, Die aramaischen Fremdworter im Arabischen, pp. 209 sqq., Leyden, 1886; E. Kautzsch, Die Aramaismen im A. T ., part i., Halle, 1902. On form and construction: C. Torr, Ancient Ships, Cambridge, 1894; A. Jal, Archeologie navale, Paris, 1840; A. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, London, 1894. On Tarshish: F. C. Movers, Die PhOnicier, ii. 2, pp. 588 sqq., 3, pp. 35 sqq., 92 sqq., Berlin, 1850-56; G. Oppert, in Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, xxxv (1903), 50-72, 212-265. Light on the naval affairs of Greek and Roman times may be found in: J. Smith, Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul, London, 1880; A. Bockh, Urkunden ilber das Seewesen des attischen Staates, Berlin, 1840; A. Breusing, Die Nautik der Alten, Bremen, 1886; J. Vars, L'Art nautique dans Vantiquiti, d'apres A. Breusing, Paris, 1887; H. Balmer, Die Romfahrt des Apostels Paulus und die Seefahrtskunde im rmnischen Kaiserzeitalter, Bern-Miinchenbuchsee, 1905. In general: F. Vigouroux, he Nouveau Testament et les decouvertes archeologiques modernes, pp. 321—350, Paris, 1896; idem, Dictionnaire de la Bible, fasc. xxviii., cols. 1494-1515 (two excellent articles, with reproductions of Assyrian, Egyptian, and Roman monuments); DB, ii. 105, iv. 505-506, 683-685; EB, iv. 4477-4484; JE, ix. 193-194.
NAVILLE, EDOUARD HENRI: Swiss Egyptologist; b. at Geneva June 14, 1844. He studied in Geneva, London, and Paris, and being interested in Egyptology sat under Lepsius at Berlin. In 1869 he made his first visit in Egypt. Since 1882 he has been connected with the Egypt Exploration Fund (q.v.) and has published many remarkable papers through it (see the list of publications in the article Egypt Exploration Fund). His first contribution (18S5) attracted wide attention since in it he detailed his investigation of the store cities of Pithom and the route of the Exodus, which he thought he had determined. In 1874 he was entrusted by the Congress of Orientalists in London with a new edition of the text of the Book of the Dead and published the same, Das dgyptische Todtenbuch der 18. bis 20. Dynaslie (Berlin, 1886). In 1891 he became professor of Egyptology in the University of Geneva. He is the author also of The Old Egyptian Faith (London, 1910).
NAVILLE, JULES ERNEST: Swiss philosopher and theologian; b. at Chancy in the canton of Geneva Dec. 13, 1816; d. in Geneva May 27, 1909. He was educated in Geneva and in Germany, was professor of philosophy in the University of
Geneva from 1840 till 1846, when he lost his place in consequence of the Revolution, but was from 1860 till 1890 professor of apologetics and then till death honorary professor. His writings on religious and philosophical subjects embrace Maine de Biran, sa vie et ses pensies (Paris 1857, 3d ed. 1874); La vie tternelle (1861, 2d ed! 1862; German transl. Leipsic, 1863; Eng. transl., Life Eternal, London, 1863); Madame Swetchine (a Russian convert to Protestantism; 1863, 2d ed. 1864); Le Pere celeste (1865, 3d ed. 1880; German transl., Leipsic, 1865; Eng. transl., The Heavenly Father, Lectures on Modern Atheism, London, 1865; Greek transl., Cyprus, 1893); Le Devoir (Lausanne, 1868; German transl., 1869); Le Problem du mal (1868, 2d ed. 1869; German transl., Jena, 1871; Eng. transl., The Problem of Evil, Edinburgh, 1871) ; L'Eglise romaine et la liberie des cultes (Geneva, 1878) ; Le Christ (1878, 2d ed. 1880; German transl, 1880; Eng. transl., The Christ, Edinburgh, 1880); La Logique de I'hypothese (Paris, 1880); La Physique moderne (1883, 2d ed. 1890); Le Libre arbitre (1890, 2d ed. 1898); La Science et materialisme (1891); La Condition sociale des femmes (Lausanne, 1891); Le Temoignage du Christ et I'unite du monde chretien (Geneva, 1893) ; La Definition de la philosophic (1894); Les Philosophies negatives (1899); Le Credo des Chretiens (1901).
NAYLER, JAMES: English Friend; b. at Ardsley (5 m. s. of Leeds), Yorkshire, about 1617; d. at Holme (near King's Ripton, 16 m. n.w. of Cambridge) Oct., 1660 (buried Oct. 21). He was the son of a well-to-do farmer, and received an excellent education; on the outbreak of the civil war in 1642 he joined the parliamentary army, and became quartermaster; while in the army he became a preacher, but was taken ill, returned home, and took up farming in 1650. In 1651 he was converted under the preaching of George Fox, and became a preacher among the Friends, suffering imprisonment on the charge of unsound doctrine. His success as a preacher disordered his mind; he allowed himself to be treated in such a quasi-reverential way, that in 1651 he was tried by parliament for blasphemy, and condemned to be whipped twice, to be branded, to have his tongue bored with a hot iron, and to be imprisoned during pleasure, with hard labor. After two years in jail he recovered and was released and received into the confidence of the Friends. He was a collaborator with George Fox (q.v.) in the production of Quaker tracts, and his Writings were published in a collected edition (London, 1716).
Bibliography: J. Deacon, The Grand Impostor Examined; or the Life, Tryal, and Examination of J. Nayler, London, 1656: idem, An Exact Hist, of the Life of J. Naylor, ib. 1657; A True Narrative of the Examination, Tryall, and Sufferings of J. Nayler, London, 1657; A True Relation of the Life, Conversation, Examination, Confession and just Deserved Sentence of J Naylor, London, 1657; Memoirs of the Life, Ministry, Tryal, and Sufferings of . James Nailer, London, 1719; J. G. Bevan, A Refutation of Some of the more Modern Misrepresentations of the Society of Friends, with a Life of J. Nayler, London, 1800; DNB, xl. 130-133.
NAZARENE, CHURCH OF THE. See Pentecostal Chttuoh of the Nazarene.