THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
whom Basil addressed a letter of consolation on the death of his son. Nor was the earlier career of Nectarius particularly honorable, if the allusion of Sozomen (Hist, eccl, VII., x. 2) may be accepted. His episcopate was equally inglorious. In the conduct of his office he was dependent upon the guidance of others, the funeral eulogies at court which were part of his duties were actually delivered by Gregory of Xyssa, and he unwisely abrogated the office of penitential priests. He is occasionally regarded as a saint in the East. Numerous manuscripts ascribe to him a eulogy of the martyr Theodore (MPG., xxxix., 1821-10), a production of little note except for its archeological allusions. (F. Loofs.)
Bibliography: DCB, iv. 11-14 (takes a view of Nectarius opposite from that in the text) ; G. Rauschen, Jahrbiicher der christlichen Kirche unter dem Kaiser Theodosius, Freiburg, 1897; J. Kunze, Das nicanisch-konstantinopolitanische Symbol, Leipsic, 1898; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, v. 18, 280-282. The sources are sufficiently indicated in the text.
NECTARIUS: Patriarch of Jerusalem; b. in Crete 1605; d. about 1680. He was educated by the monks of Sinai where he himself became a monk; but when thirty-five years of age he studied at Athens with the Neo-Aristotelian Theophilus Corydalleus. About 1660 he was in Constantinople on business connected with his monastery, and on his return to Sinai was chosen abbot. But on his way to Jerusalem to be consecrated he was informed that he had been chosen patriarch of the Holy City, and was consecrated in April, 1661. As early as 1666 he sought to be relieved of his duties and by 1669 Dositheus had become his successor. He remained in Jerusalem, however, except when driven by the Latin monks for a short time to Sinai. He took part in the Synod of Jerusalem in 1672. Among the writings of Nectarius the most important is his refutation of the theses of a certain Peter regarding the papal supremacy (ed. Dositheus, with a life of Nectarius, Jassy, 1682). He is still better known by his recommendation of the Confessio orthodoxa of Mogilas (latest ed., E. Legrand, Bibliographie hellenique, ii. 208 sqq., 4 vols., Paris, 1894-96). A letter to the monks of Sinai is also contained in E. Renaudot's Genadii patriarchce Constantinopolitani homiliw de sacramento eucharistice, etc. (Paris, 1709, pp. 171-183). In his doctrine of the Eucharist Nectarius was strictly orthodox, and a zealous opponent of Cyril Lucar (q.v.) and the " Calvinistic " movement. (F. Kattenbusch.) Bibliography: Besides the biography noted in the text and the work of Legrand, vols, ii.-v. passim, consult: M. Le Quien, Oriens Christianas, iii. 520-522, Paris, 1740; A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirchlichen Trennung zwischen dem Orient und Occident, i. 474-481, Munich, 1864 (deals with the tract against Peter).
NEESIMA: Founder of Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; b. at Yedo (Tokyo), Japan, Jan. (or in Christian reckoning Feb.) 14, 1843; d. at Oiso (40 m. s.w. of Tokyo) Jan. 23, 1890. In Japan he was called Neesima Shimeta, on the ship coming to America the captain dubbed him " Joe," when he was baptized he added the name of his benefactor, and so he is now commonly called Joseph Hardy Neesima. His father was of the Samurai class, a teacher of penmanship and secretary to his prince, and he was born in the palace. He received an ex-
cellent education according to Japanese standards at the time. When Commodore Perry came to Yedo on July 7, 1853, his curiosity in the western world was awakened, and when later he came in contact with Dutch traders and learned their language, and especially when he read in Chinese Elijah Coleman Bridgman's " Church History," and William Alexander Parsons Martin's " Evidences of Christianity " he determined to visit the lands whence these persons (qq.v.) had come and learn the way of truth more perfectly. By the connivance of friends he was smuggled into an American brig lying in the harbor of Hakodate in July, 1864, and reached Boston in August, 1865. There he was befriended by the prominent merchant, Alphaeus Hardy, who sent him to Phillips Academy, Andover, to the scientific department of Amherst College, where he was graduated B.S. in 1870, and to Andover Theological Seminary, where he took a special course with the class of 1874. He was the interpreter of the Japanese embassy in 1871, although his knowledge of the English language was always defective, and as a partial reward for his services in this matter he received pardon for his capital crime in leaving his country without permission. He made no disguise of his absorbing desire to promote Christian education in Japan, even when with non-Christian Japanese. In 1874 he was appointed a corresponding member of the Japanese Mission of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and was ordained in Mount Vernon Church, Boston, Sept. 24, 1874. Before he sailed he made a plea for his project of a Christian college at the meeting of the American Board at Rutland, Vt., and thus secured S4,000. He opened it at Kyoto, Nov. 29, 1875, with eight pupils. The enterprise quickly became a success. In 1884 he made his first appeal for funds to enlarge the college into a university. In 1885 he returned to America and pleaded so successfully that he made the enlargement in 1886. In 1888 and again in 1889 he obtained large sums, not only from Americans, but from natives, even from non-Christians. In 1888 Amherst gave him the honorary doctorate of laws. The name Doshisha given to the university means " one counsel." On Jan. 3, 1876, he married a Japanese woman. Ill-health, especially in the later years of his life, compelled him to remit his efforts, but he lived for the institution which he had founded and which flourished so greatly under him. It has since been carried on, and in 1905 reported 5,000 students, and 1,000 graduates, but only eighty had become preachers.
Bibliography: A. S. Hardy, Life and Letters of Joseph Hardy Neesima, Boston, 1891; J. D. Davis, Sketch of the Life of Joseph Hardy Neesima, LL.D., New York, 1890, 3d ed., 1905.
NEFF, FELIX: Swiss Evangelist; b. at Geneva Oct. 8, 1798; d. there Apr. 12, 1829. He entered, when he was seventeen years old, upon a military career in the garrison of his native city, but was afterward reached by the religious revival which at that time took place in the city, and became a revival preacher among his comrades. In 1819 he resigned his position in the army; and May 19, 1823, he was ordained in Mr. Clayton's chapel, in the Poultry, London. After laboring for some time at