THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
General Banks in Louisiana. It was established in 1863 and soon had a regular board of education, which laid and collected taxes and supported eventually nearly 100 schools with 10,000 pupils, under 162 teachers. At Port Royal, S. C, were gathered Edward Lillie Pierce's " ten thousand clients." Pierce began the organization of relief societies in the North and established an economic system with schools. Eventually they passed under the oversight of General Rufus Saxon, who sold forfeited estates, leased plantations, received the camp followers of Sherman's march to the sea, and encouraged schools. In the West, General Grant appointed Colonel John Eaton, afterward United States Commissioner of Education, to be superintendent of freedmen in 1862. He sought to consolidate and regulate the schools already established, and succeeded in organizing a large system. The Freedmen's Bureau was especially active in the establishment of schools for Negroes. In General Howard's first Freedmen's Bureau report, he says: " Schools were taken in charge by the Bureau, and in some States carried on wholly in connection with local efforts — by use of a refugees' and freedmen's fund which had been collected from various sources. Teachers came under the general direction of the assistant commissioners, and protection through the department commanders was given to all engaged in the work."
The increase of Negro education, 1866-1870, is thus reported by the Freedmen's Bureau:
Year
Schools
Teachers
Pupils
1,839 1,831 2,118 2,677
1,405 2,087 2,295 2,445 3,300
90,778 111,442 104,327 114,522 149,581
EXPENDITURES FOR SCHOOLS.
Year
Freedmen's Bureau
Benevolent Associations
The Freedmen
Total
$123,655.39 531,345.48 965,806.67 924,182.16 976,853.29
S82.200.00 65,087.01 700,000.00 365,000.00 360,000.00
$18,500.00 17,200.00 360,000.00 190,000.00 200,000.00
$224,359.39 613,632.49 2,025,896.67 1,479,182.16 1,536,853.29
Total .
$785,700.00
$5,879,924.00
The chief benevolent society was the American Missionary Association, and next in importance came the various Freedmen's Union Commissions,
the Freedmen's Aid Society of the 4. Benevolent Methodist Episcopal Church, the Bap- Societies, tist Home Mission Society, and Board
of Missions of the Presbyterian Church. Besides these the Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, and Friends did some work. The American Missionary Association, representing the Congregational Church, still maintains three colleges with high schools attached, one theological school, twenty-six high and industrial schools, and seven graded schools; these schools have about 450 instructors
and 14,000 students. The work of Northern Baptists among Negroes is carried on by the American Baptist Home Mission Society. This society in the last forty years has spent about $4,000,000 in educational work, and is spending now $140,000 a year in educational and mission work. It maintains and aids thirty-two schools, of which thirteen are high schools and eight high schools with additional college departments. In "these schools there were, in 1907, 342 teachers and 7,746 students; the value of school property was $1,576,450; the students pay $42,000 a year in tuition, and Negro churches and individuals $27,000 a year. The work of the Presbyterian Church for Negro education is carried on through the Board of Missions for Freedmen, which represents work begun as early as 1864. The church property used and owned by the board is worth $670,000, besides $122,000 invested in funds. There are the following schools: one college preparatory school, five girls' schools, thirteen boarding schools, and ninety-five graded schools; in all, 114 schools, with 13,576 pupils. The patrons of the schools paid in $72,000, in addition to $72,229 contributed by the board. The work of the Methodist Episcopal Church among Negroes is done through the Freedmen's Aid and Southern Educational Society (organized August, 1866). This society had, in 1904-05, twenty -four institutions; including one theological school, three medical schools, ten schools with college and preparatory departments, and eleven academies, with 409 teachers, 7,924 students, and property valued at $1,352,- 258. Between August, 1866, and June 30, 1905, the society had expended for educational work in the South, chiefly among Negroes, but partially among whites, $7,800,000. Students pay about $90,000 a year in tuition at present; 200,000 pupils have been instructed, of whom 3,000 entered the ministry, 12,000 have become teachers, 800 have become physicians, pharmacists, and dentists. Negro churches also support schools: the African Methodists spend $70,000 a year on twenty-five schools with 3,700 pupils, and have $500,000 in school property. The Colored Methodists have five schools, and the Zion Methodists nine; the latter collect $17,000 a year for their schools and have $134,950 in school property. The Negro Baptists have 107 schools, chiefly small graded schools, with property valued at $737,377, and expenditures in 1906 amounting to $148,883.50. They have 16,664 students enrolled.
The most prominent Negro schools are five colleges, with preparatory and other departments: Howard University, Washington, D. C; Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn.; Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga.; Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, O.; Virginia Union University, Richmond,
5. Educa- Va. Eight high and industrial schools, tional with higher work: Talladega, Ala.;
Agencies. Tuskegee, Ala. ; Brick, N. C; Lincoln, Pa.; Straight, La.; Biddle, N. C; Hampton, Va. ; Claflin, S. C. Three high and industrial schools for girls: Spellman, Ga.; Scotia, N. C; Hartshorn, Va. Four professional schools: Howard University (medicine, law, and pharmacy), Gammon (theology), Meharry (medicine and pharmacy), and Shaw (medicine and pharmacy). Gam-