RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Negro Education Negro Evangelization
mon, Brick, and Meharry are well endowed ; Tuskegee, Hampton, Howard, and Talladega have some endowment. The rest have small funds.
Four special funds for Negro education have been provided: (1) The Peabody fund of $2,000,000 given in 1867 and 1869. The income of this fund has gone principally to the education of the whites, but a small part has provided teachers, institutes, and schools for Negroes. (2) The John F. Slater fund of $1,000,000 given in 1882. The income of this fund has been given exclusively to Negro schools and more especially to industrial schools. (3) The Daniel Hand fund of $1,500,894.25, given to the American Missionary Association in 1888 for educating needy Negro students. (4) The Jeanes fund, of $1,000,000, was given by Miss Anna T. Jeanes; the income goes to Negro rural education, chiefly industrial.
There are the following 127 private institutions for Negroes, including certain state-aided schools:
States
Schools
Teachers
Students
5,521 1,706
1,008 1,421 5,462
4,410
Maryland
Mississippi
2,726
Missouri
North Carolina
4,250
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
4,087
Tennessee
2,958 2,574
Texas
Virginia
3,341
West Virginia
Total
2,057
42,500
Besides the private schools there is in the South a separate Negro public-school system. The governments of the southern states which survived the war made few attempts to establish public-school systems, particularly so far as Negroes were concerned. They especially feared idle- 6. Results, ness and social revolution on the part of the blacks, and sought to keep them in serfdom. Alabama, for instance, declared " stubborn or refractory servants " or those who " loiter away their time " to be vagrants, who could be hired out at compulsory service by law, while all Negro minors, far from being sent to school, were to be " apprenticed," preferably to their fathers' former " masters and mistresses." The enfranchisement of the Negro changed this. The so-called " carpet-bag " governments, which under the sway of the army and the Freedmen's Bureau succeeded the state governments at war time, have undoubtedly many sins to answer for. Supported by ignorant and unlettered Negroes, and led in many cases by unscrupulous Northerners and Southerners, they were extravagant and often ludicrous. And yet, as Albion Winegar Tourgee says: " they instituted a public-school system in a region where public schools had been unknown." There have
been enrolled in the Negro public schools in the South the following children:
1865-66... 1869-70... 1876-77... 1877-78. . . 1878-79 . . . 1879-80... 1880-81 . . . 1881-82... 1882-83... 1883-84... 1884-85... 1885-66... 1886-87... 1887-88... 1888-89... 1889-90. . .
90,778 149,581 571,506 675,150 685,942 784,709 802,374 802,982 817,240 ,002,313 ,030,463 ,048,659 118,556 ,140,405 ,213,092 296,959
1890-91 . . .
1891-92. . .
1892-93...
1893-94...
1894-95...
1895-96...
1896-97 . .
1897-98...
1898-99...
1899-19C0.
1900-01...
1901-02... * 1902-03... *1903-04... * 1904-05. . . *1905-06...
1,329,549 1,354,316 1,367,515 1,432,198 1,423,593 1,449,325 1,460,084 1,540,749 1,509,275 1,560,070 1,594,308 1,575,659 1,578,632 1,577,385 1,620,194 1,617,998
* Subject to correction by United States Bureau of Education.
In 1905-06, 55.27 per cent of the Negroes five to eighteen years of age were enrolled in school, and of these 60.98 per cent were in daily attendance. There were 129 public high schools (53 of these being in Texas and Missouri) with 891 teachers and 45,037 students. To these may be added the private and state schools (ut sup.). Of these students less than 3,000 are in college courses, 736 were studying theology, 125 law, 670 medicine, 106 dentistry, 98 pharmacy, and 186 nurse training. These public schools, save in the case of a few city systems, have been paid for by the Negro population. It has been estimated that in the years 1870-99 the Negro school systems of the former slave states did not cost the white taxpayers a cent, except possibly in a few city systems.
Cost of Negro schools, 1870-99. .169,968,671.48 Estimated total direct taxes paid by Negroes
1870-99 825,000,000.00
Indirect taxes and pro rata share of endowments 45,000,000.00
Approximate total, 1870-99 170,000,000.00
Of the cost of their private schools also the Negroes bear a large share. The cost of seventy-four leading schools for the last nine years has been a little under $12,000,000, and the Negroes paid about 45 per cent of the total cost. Richard R. Wright, Jr., concludes "that it is probably true that the Negroes pay possibly a larger percentage of the cost of their schools than any other group of poor people in America. The Negroes have paid in direct property and poll taxes more than $45,000,000 during the past forty years. They have contributed at least $15,000,000 to education through their churches. The Negro student possibly pays a larger percentage of the running expenses of the institutions which he attends than any other student in the land " (Self Help in Negro Education, Cheyney, Pa., 1909).
The result of this education on the illiteracy of the Negro has been as follows: Negroes ten years of age and over, per cent of illiteracy: 1870, 79.9 per cent; 1880, 70 per cent; 1890, 57.1 per cent; 1900, 44.5 per cent. At present probably twothirds of the Negro Americans can read and write, Further results can be seen in the occupations of Negroes, the spread of organized effort, the publication of books and newspapers, and the appearance of men and women of distinction.
II. Evangelization. 1. General History: Negro slaves arrived in America with that strong tendency
Negro Evangelization