THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
sion in Germany over Bibel und Babel is rich in material on both sides. Consult further: T. Noldeke, in Im Neuen Reiche, 1S72, pp. 247-259; K. Budde, Die biblische Urgeschichte, Giessen, 1883; E. Suss, Die SintfliUh, Leipsic, 1883; R. Andree, Die Flutsagen, Brunswick, 1891; H. E. Ryle, Early Narratives of Genesis, London, 1892 (a very useful book, with which should be used A. R. Gordon, below); J. Prestwich, On Certain Phenomena Belonging to the Close of the Last Geological Period, and on their Bearing upon the Tradition of the Flood, ib. 1895; T. Pfeil, Bemerkungen zum biblischen Fluthbericht, pp. 10 sqq., Dorpat, 1895; L. Duparc, Le Delugebiblique, Paris, 1898; M. Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 493-508, Boston, 189S; idem, in ZA, 1899, pp. 288-301; H.G.Mitchell, The World before Abraham, pp. 84-90, 194-227, Boston, 1901; P. Carus, in The Monist, July, 1901; G. F. Wright, in Bibliotheca Sacra, April-July, 1901; idem, in McClure's Magazine, Aug., Sept., 1901; H. Zimmern, Biblische und babylonische Urgeschichte, pp. 32 sqq., Leipsic, 1903; Vigouroux, Dictionnaire, fasc. xxviii., cols. 1661-67; A. Jeremias, Das A . T. im Lichte des alien Orients, Leipsic, 1906; P. Jensen, Das Gilgameshepos in der Weltliteratur, vol. i., Strasburg, 1906; A. R. Gordon, The Early Traditions of Genesis, Edinburgh, 1907 (profound and scholarly; contains transls. of Berosus and Babylonian documents) ; Expository Times, May, 1910, pp. 364-369; Schrader, pp. 545 sqq.; DB, ii. 16-23; EB, i. 1055-66; JE, v. 410-415.
NOAILLES, no"ai', LOUIS ANTOINE DE: Cardinal archbishop of Paris, second son of the Duke de Noailles; b. at the castle of Teisieres, near Aurillac (269 m. s. of Paris), May 27, 1651; d. at Paris May 4, 1729. He was early destined for an ecclesiastical career. After holding the rich abbey of Aubrac, he became bishop of Cahors in 1679 and of Chalons in 1680, while in 1695 he was promoted to the archbishopric of Paris. On the outbreak of the Quietistic controversy he acted as mediator between Bossuet and Fen61on. In 1700, on Louis XIV 's nomination, he was made a cardinal. While bishop of Chalons he had sanctioned the Reflexions morales with which Quesnel accompanied his edition of the New Testament in 1693; and this afterward embarrassed him, all the more when in 1696, by the condemnation of the Exposition de la foi, a Jansenistic treatise of the Abbe1 de Barcos, he seemed to take an opposite ground. When pressure was put upon him to revoke his approval of the Reflexions morales he hesitated a long time. Finally he joined the bishops who protested against the bull Unigenitus (q.v.) and encouraged open opposition to it in his diocese. For a good while he was the leader of the party friendly to the Jansenists, but weakened later, agreed to a compromise in 1720, and on Oct. 11, 1728, submitted unreservedly to the Unigenitus, dying a broken man a few months later. See Jansen, Cornelius, Jansenism.
(K KLUFFELf.) Bibliography: J. B. Denis, M&moires anecdotes de la cour et du clerge de France, London, 1712; A True Account of All that has Passed between the Court of Rome and Cardinal de Noailles in Relation to the Constitution (Unigenitus), ib. 1828; Anecdotes ou mimoires secrets sur la constitution Unigenitus, Utrecht, 1730; L. F. de Bausset, Hist, de Fenelon, Paris, 1808, Eng. transl., 2 vols., London, 1810; A. Schill, Die Constitution Unigenitus, Freiburg, 1876; Reich, Documents, pp. 386 sqq.; KL, ix. 406-414.
NOBLE, SAMUEL: Swedenborgian; b. in London Mar. 4, 1779; d. there Aug. 27, 1853. In 1810 he was one of the founders of the London society for publishing the works of Swedenborg, and, in 1812, of The Intellectual Repository and New Jerusalem Magazine, being its chief editor and contributor. In 1820 he left his profession of engraving to enter the
Swedenborgian ministry in London. He issued two noticeable original books, issued as lectures: Plenary Inspiration of the Scriptures Asserted (London, 1825); and An Appeal in Behalf of the Doctrines of the Eternal World and State, and of the Doctrines held by the Body of Christians (1826) ; a trans-
lation of Swedenborg's Heaven and Hell; and other works expository of Swedenborgian doctrine. Bibliography: Memoir by W. Bruce affixed to the 3d and later editions of the Appeal; DNB, xli., 84-85.
NOCELLA, no-chel'a, CARLO: Cardinal; b. at Rome Nov. 26, 1826; d. there July 22, 1908. He was educated at the Roman Seminary, where he taught until 1866, after which he was sub-secretary of briefs until 1884. He was then appointed prothonotary and was secretary of briefs to persons of royal ranks until 1892, and after being consistorial secretary for seven years (1892-99), was consecrated titular patriarch of Constantinople. In 1903 he was created cardinal priest of San Calisto.
NOCTURN. See Breviary; Canonical Hours; Liturgy.
NOEL, BAPTIST WRIOTHESLEY: English Baptist, brother of the first earl of Gainsborough; b. at Leightmount, Scotland, July 16, 1798; d. at Stanmore (11 m. n.w. of St. Paul's, London) Jan. 19, 1873. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A., 1821); began the study of law, but changed his intention, took orders, and became minister of St. John's Chapel, Bedford Row, London. There he manifested an interest in home and foreign missions, in elementary education, in the welfare of the poor as affected by the Corn Laws, and in the Evangelical Alliance (q.v.). The issue of the Gorham Case (q.v.), together with his Evangelicalism, caused him to change his ecclesiastical affiliations, and he was rebaptized by immersion, Aug. 9, 1849. He became minister of John Street Chapel the following September, remaining there till his retirement in 1868. His publications were numerous, some of them controversial, some notes of travel, and numerous sermons and lectures. Among them may be noted: A Plea for the Poor (London, 1841; on the Corn Laws) ; Doctrine of the Word of God respecting Union among Christians (1844) ; Essay on the Union of Church and State (1848); The Messiah (1848; five sermons) ; Notes of a Tour in Switzerland (1848) ; Essay on Christian Baptism (1849) ; and Notes of a Tour in the Valleys of Piedmont (1855). He was also a writer of hymns — " We give ourselves to thee " is by him — and compiled A Selection of Psalms and Hymns for Congregational and Social Worship (1838), and Hymns about Jesus (1868).
Bibliography: DNB, xli. 81-90; Julian, Hymnology, p. 809.
NOELDEKE, nOl'de-ke, THEODOR: German Orientalist; b. at Harburg (6 m. s. of Hamburg), Prussia, Mar. 2, 1836. He studied at the universities of Gottingen, Vienna, Leyden, and Berlin, became privat-docent at Gottingen in 1861, associate professor of theology at Kiel in 1864, and full professor in 1868. From 1872 until his retirement in 1906 he was professor of Semitic philology at the University of Strasburg. He is one of the most distinguished of living Semitic scholars, and has written: