RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Noailles Nolaeco
Geschichte des Qordns (Gottingen, 1860); Das Leben Muhammed's (Hanover, 1863); Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der Poesie der alten Araber (1864); Grammatik der neusyrischen Sprache am Urmia-See und in Kurdistan (Leipsic, 1868); Die Alttestamentliche Literatur (1868) ; Untersuchungen zur Kritik des Alten Testaments (Kiel, 1869); Manddische Grammatik (Halle, 1874) ; Kurzgefasste syrische Grammatik (Leipsic, 1880); Aufsdtze zur persischen Geschichte (1887); Die semitischen Sprachen (1887); Orientalische Skizzen (Berlin, 1892; Eng. transl., Sketches from Eastern History, London, 1892); Das altiranische Nationalepos (Strasburg, 1896) ; Zur Grammatik des klassischen Arabisch (Vienna, 1896); and Beitrdge zur semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (Strasburg, 1904). He has likewise edited a portion of the " Annals " of al-Tabari and translated a part of his writings under the title Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden (Leyden, 1879), and has also edited and translated the Arabic poems of 'Urva ibn Alvard (Gottingen, 1863); Delectus veterum carminum arabicorum (in collaboration with A. Muller; Berlin, 1890); and the five Mu'allaqat (3 parts, Vienna, 1899-1901).
Bibliography: Orientalische Studien. Theodor Noldeke zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet , ed. C. Bezold, 2 vols.,
Giessen, 1906 (a Festgruss).
NOERDLINGEN, HEINRICH VON. See Henby
OF NOERDLINGEN.
NOESGEN, nus'gen, KARL FRIEDRICH: German Lutheran; b. at Halberstadt (28 m. s.e. of Magdeburg) Mar. 31, 1835. He studied at the universities of Halle and Berlin (1854-57), after which he was vicar at Schloppe, West Prussia (1859-61), prison-chaplain at Graudenz, West Prussia (1861- 73), and pastor at Klein Furra, Saxony (1873-83). Since 1883 he has been professor of New-Testament exegesis at the University of Rostock. He has been a member of the committee for theological examinations in Mecklenburg-Schwerin since 1888, a member of the higher ecclesiastical court of Mecklenburg-Strelitz since 1893, and a consistorial counselor since 1901. In theology he is an orthodox Lutheran. He has written: Christus der Menschen-und Gottessohn (Gotha, 1869) ; Kommentar uber die Apostelgeschichte (Leipsic, 1882); Die Evangelien nach Matthdus, Markus und Lukas in H. Strack and 0. Zockler's Kurzgefasster Kommentar zum Neuen Testamente (Munich, 1886); Geschichte der neutestamentlichen Offenbarung (2 vols., 1891-93); Die Genugsamkeit und Vielseitigkeit des neutestamentlichenKanons (Giitersloh, 1896); Symbolik oderconfessionelle Principienlehre (1897) ; Die Aussagen des Neuen Testaments uber den Pentateuch (Berlin, 1898; Eng. transl., The New Testament and the Pentateuch, London, 1902); Geschichte der Lehre vom heiligen Geist (Giitersloh, 1899); Der Schriftbeweis fur die evangelische Rechtfertigungslehre (Halle, 1901); Das Eigenartige des Christentum als Religion (1902) ; Das Wesen und Wirken des heiligen Geistes (2 vols., Berlin, 1905-07); and Die Liebe, ein unmittelbares Moment des christlichen Seelenlebens, Eine biblischtheologische Erorterung (Schwerin, 1906).
NOESSELT, nus'selt, JOHANN AUGUST: German theologian; b. at Halle May 2, 1734; d. there
March 11, 1807. He studied at the University of Halle, where he became privat-docent in 1757, extraordinary professor in 1760, and full professor of theology in 1764. He published: Vertheidigung der Wahrheit und Gottlichkeit der christlichen Religion (Halle, 1766; 3d ed., 1783); and Anweisung zur Bildung angehender Theologen (2 vols., 1785).
Bibliography: A biography was written by A. H. Niameyer, 2 parts, Halle, 1809.
NOETUS. See Monabchianism, V., 3.
NOLASCO, nS"las"c5', SAINT PETER: Founder of the Order of Mercy (in full, " of our Lady of Mercy for the Redemption of Captives ") ; b. at Le Mas des Saintes Puelles, near Castelnaudery in Languedoc, 1189; d. at Valencia Dec. 24, 1256. He early showed an inclination to a strict ascetic life, but for a time followed the knightly career to which his noble birth seemed to have destined him, following Simon de Montf ort in his campaigns against the Albigenses and their supporter Peter II. of Aragon. After the great victory of Muret (1213), in which Peter fell and his son James was taken prisoner, Count Simon entrusted him with the guardianship of the young prince. In Barcelona, where he spent some time in the execution of this duty, he saw and heard much of the sufferings of Christian captives in the hands of the Moors in North Africa and Spain. He decided to found an order for their deliverance; and a vision of the Virgin which appeared on the same night to him, to his confessor Raymond of Pefiaf orte, and to the young King James, seemed a sure sign of the divine favor. On Aug. 10, 1228, Peter and the associates whom he had secured took the three usual monastic vows, and a fourth pledging them to give up not only all their property but if necessary their own liberty for the redemption of Christian captives in the hands of the infidels. The order was originally more knightly than monastic; it was in a sense a revival of a congregation which had existed in Catalonia since 1192 for the care of the sick and prisoners. The seven knights and six priests who were the first to take the vows were joined by thirteen more knights from Peter's home in the south of France. King James gave them as a dwelling a portion of the royal palace at Barcelona with the adjoining chapel of St. Eulalia, until in 1232 a large convent, also dedicated to St. Eulalia, patroness of Barcelona, was erected for them. The papal confirmation was secured in 1230 from Gregory IX., and repeated in 1235, with the addition of the rule of St. Augustine to the original constitution. The first general chapter was held at Barcelona in 1237. Though it was then laid down that the priestly members should be in the majority, the process of changing it from a knightly to a monastic order was not completed until the election in 1317 of the first priestly general, Raymond Albert. The original habit was white, bearing the arms of Aragon, with a white scapular; inside the house the priests were distinguished by an additional hood. The discipline of the order was one of military strictness, including frequent flagellation.
The new order grew in membership, possessions, and influence. Instead of sending money, the plan was soon adopted of despatching members to Moor-
Nolaseo
Non- conformists