THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOQ
1904), besides contributing to. the Church Club Lectures (New York, 1895).
OLMSTED, om'sted or um'sted, CHARLES TYLER: Protestant Episcopal bishop of Central New York; b. at Cohoes, N. Y., Apr. 28, 1842; educated at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. (A.B., 1865), and pursued his theological studies at St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y. He was ordered deacon in 1867 and priested in the following year, and was professor of mathematics at St. Stephen's College (1866-68). He was assistant in Trinity parish, New York City (1868-84); rector of Grace Church, Utica, N. Y. (1884-99); vicar of St. Agnes' Chapel, New York (1899-1902). In 1902 he was consecrated bishop coadjutor of Central New York, and on the death of Bishop F. D. Huntington in 1904, succeeded him as bishop of the diocese.
OLSHAUSEN, 5ls"hau'zen, HERMANN: New- Testament exegete; b. at Oldeslohe (24 m. n.e. of Hamburg), in Holstein, Aug. 21, 1796; d. at Erlangen Sept. 4, 1839. He studied at the universities of Kiel and Berlin, and at the festival of the Reformation in 1817 he gained the prize for his Melanchthons Charakteristik aus seinen Briefen dargestellt (Berlin, 1818). In 1820 he became privatdocent at Berlin, in 1821 extraordinary professor, and 1827, ordinary professor at Konigsberg. He suffered from a feeble constitution and, in the hope of benefiting his health, accepted a call to Erlangen in 1834. He prepared the way for his commentary in a work on the historical proofs of the genuineness of the Gospels in the first two centuries {Die Aechtheit der vier kanonischen Evangelien, Konigsberg, 1823, Eng. transl., Andover, 1838). He stated his exegetical principles in two works, Ein Wort uber tieferen Schriftsinn (Konigsberg, 1824), and Die biblische Schriftauslegung (Hamburg, 1825), defending the allegorical and typical methods, but without opposing the grammatical and historical. His ideas were most fully expressed in his commentary on the New Testament (vols, i.-iv., extending as far as the epistles to the Thessalonians, by Olshausen himself, Konigsberg, 1830-40; completed in three additional volumes and revised by Ebrard and Weisinger, 1837-62; Eng. transl., 10 vols., Edinburgh, 1847-60; 6 vols., New York, 1856-58). Bibliography : A biography by his widow is in Allgemeines Repertorium fur theologische Litteratur, 1840, faso. vii., pp. 91-94. Consult further: P. Schaff, Germany: its Universities, Theology and Religion, pp. 295-300, Philadelphia, 1857; Berliner allgemeine Kirchenxeitung, 1839, no. 76; Vigouroux, Dictionnaire, faso. xxix., cols. 1793- 1795; ADB, xxiv. 323-328.
OLSHAUSEN, JUSTUS: Orientalist; b. at Hohenfelde, Holstein, May 9, 1800; d. at Berlin Dec. 28, 1882. He received an excellent education, first from his father and further in the schools of Gluckstadt and Eutin. Olshausen was so thoroughly prepared that in the autumn of 1816 he was able to enter the University of Kiel. Here he zealously continued the study of Hebrew which he had begun in 1814 under his father's tutelage, and although primarily occupied with theology, he soon combined the study of other oriental languages with that of Hebrew. He passed the winter semester of 1819-20 at the University of Berlin, where, besides
other work, he prosecuted his Arabic studies with the equally ambitious August Tholuck. In Oct. 1820, Olshausen, by the aid of a royal Danish stipend, was enabled to go to Paris where he remained until Apr., 1823, and attended the lectures of Sylvestre de Sacy, the celebrated professor of Arabic and Persian. He enjoyed the society of an inspiring circle of friends and also made the acquaintance of Alexander von Humboldt. On Nov. 4, 1823, soon after his return from Paris, Olshausen's well-founded reputation, both for unusual linguistic ability and for sterling character, procured him the position of extraordinary professor of oriental languages at the University of Kiel. In 1830, he became ordinary professor and continued in the university until 1848. Because of the confidence reposed in him by his colleagues, he was chosen four times as rector and displayed great talents as an administrator. In the interest of his studies he went sometimes to Copenhagen as well as to Paris, where he stayed from the autumn of 1826 until Jan., 1828. These were the only interruptions of his sojourn in Kiel until the restless year of 1848 brought politics disturbingly into his tranquil scholarly life.
The overthrow of the Danish rule made Olshausen, who was then curator of the university, vice-president of the convention of these provinces. When, however, in 1852, the Danish government reestablished its authority, Olshausen lost his offices and gained a settled position only by entering the service of the Prussian government, thanks to the influence of Alexander von Humboldt. From Konigsberg, where he had become ordinary professor of oriental languages and chief librarian, he accepted, in 1858, a call to Berlin as ministerial councilor, and until 1874 superintended the Prussian universities. After celebrating the semi-centenary of his official life, Olshausen's continued devotion to his oriental studies procured for him a happy retirement after an active career.
Of his works which do not immediately concern theology, those regarding the study of the cuneiform inscriptions may be briefly mentioned: Die Pehlewi-Legenden auf den Munzen der letzten Sasaniden, auf den dltesten Munzen arabischer Chalifen, auf den Munzen der Ispehbed's von Taberista und auf indo-persischen Munzen des ostlichen Iran (Copenhagen, 1843). Already in his first work, published in 1826, the Emendationen zum alten Testament, Olshausen, through Gen. x. and Isa. xxiii., had been led to conclusions concerning Babylon and the Chaldeans, which were later substantiated by Assyriology, and his sound judgment as expressed in his treatise entitled: Prufung des Characters der in der assyrischen Keilinschriften enthaltenen semitischen Sprache was fully confirmed by later researches. Not less important was the service rendered by Olshausen to this branch of study through his successful efforts for the transfer of Eberhard Schrader (q.v.) to Berlin in 1875. Since 1826 Olshausen, by his many and continuous contributions to the textual criticism of the Old Testament, has, as Schrader rightly says, " opened a new path for exegetical and critical research." His theory that most of the mistakes in the text were to be sought in the consonants a'nd not in the