THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
P: The symbol employed to designate the Priestly document which, according to the critical school, is one of the components of the Hexateuch (q.v.). See Hebrew Language and Literature, II., § 4.
PACCA, pa'cfl, BARTOLOMMEO: Cardinal; b. at Benevento Dec. 15, 1756; d. at Rome Apr. 19, 1844. At the Congress of Ems (see Ems, Congress of), in 1786, when certain princes of the Church in western Germany endeavored to secure for themselves a last vestige of ecclesiastical independence, Rome's answer was already framed in the founding of a papal nunciature at Munich, together with the despatch of the young diplomat, Pacca, to Cologne as nuncio. Thus every attempt in the Febronian direction (see Hontheim, Johann Nicolaus von) was nullified by Rome. And though the Rhenish prelates refused to receive the new nuncio, he nevertheless exercised an unrestricted authority of jurisdiction at Cologne, where he took skilful advantage of the discord between the citizens and the archbishop. In the Prussian districts on the left bank of the Rhine, he gained no less prompt recognition than in the dioceses of Hildesheim, Paderborn, Speyer, Liege, and the Bavarian domains. The Prussian diplomacy, then as afterward, proved all too accommodating in relation to the Curia. Indeed, Frederick William II. thereby reaped the advantage of having recognized by the Curia the royal title which the Prussian monarchs had borne since 1701.
The clever diplomatist Pacca was already in a very fair way to stifle all impulses of ecclesiastical independence in western Germany, when the French Revolution (q.v.) broke out. Its army, invading the German border in 1794, interrupted further proceedings. His experiences acquired at Cologne availed Pacca, in the next place, as nuncio at Lisbon, 1795-1800. His method was to assume the appearance of concession, yet prosecute his demands to their utmost limits by presenting them repeatedly in diversified form. His " Memoirs," which belong to the most interesting state papers of his time, cover his sojourn in both Germany and Portugal, and have appeared in various languages and editions (Pesaro, 1830, Orvieto, 1843, Paris, 1883, 1884, etc.). Returning to Rome in 1801, Pacca took his place at the front of the radical party, and, in 1808, thrust out the temporizing Consalvi (q.v.) from the leadership of affairs of State. On July 6, 1809, he was abducted in the same carriage with Pope Pius VII. (q.v.) and continued in French custody until 1813. In 1814 he accompanied the pope in his triumphal entry into Rome. Though the subsequent course of events restored his opponent Consalvi to the leading place, Pacca nevertheless remained the effective influence to which the papacy owed its restoration. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: Consult Pacca's Memorie Sloriche del Ministero . del Card. B. Pacca, 2 vols., Orvieto, 1843, Eng. transl., Notes on the Ministry of Cardinal B. Pacca, Dublin, 1843; and his Historical Memoirs, 2 vols., London, 1850;
M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, vol. ii., Gotha 1882; F. Nippold, The Papacy in the 19th Century pp' 22, 26, 36, New York, 1900.
PACCANARI, NICOLO: Roman Catholic, founder of the Society of the Faith of Jesus (Baccanarists, Paccanarists) ; b. at Val Sugana (near Trent, 80 m. s.w. of Innsbruck) about the middle of the eighteenth century; d. after 1809. Originally a merchant, he came under the influence of the Jesuit Gravita at Rome and was inspired, though a layman, to attempt the restoration of the Society of Jesus (see Jesuits), which had been dissolved by Clement XIV With a few companions Paccanari accordingly founded his society in 1797, imitating the Jesuit organization in detail, and himself being chosen superior. The society was confirmed by Pius VI. in 1798, and the fathers, originally twelve in number, at first resided near Spoleta. By letters to various ecclesiastical princes of Italy, and by entrusting to the society the education of the students of the propaganda driven from Rome by the French republicans, Pius VI. aided in the rapid growth of the organization. In 1799 the organization was united with the French society of the Holy Heart of Jesus which had taken refuge in Austria, and Paccanari became general superior of the united body, and in 1800 was ordained priest. Though the order spread rapidly from Austria and Italy to France, Belgium, Holland, and England, it soon began to decline. Paccanari lacked administrative ability, and his imperious temper opposed union with the Russian branch of the Jesuits. In 1804, therefore, a number of Italian members went over to the Jesuits who had been restored in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. At the same time the fathers of the society in Holland and England began to migrate to Russia to become Jesuit novices; while the French members of the order fell away from their incapable founder and chose Varin, the second superior of the old Society of the Holy Heart of Jesus, as their head. In 1808 Paccanari was deposed by the holy office from the general superiorship and condemned to ten years in prison. He gained his liberty in the following year, when the French again invaded Rome, but he had lost his importance and henceforth remained unknown.
(O. ZoCKLERf.) Bibliography: F. Speil, Leonor Franz von Tournely und die Gesellschaft des heiligen Herzens Jesu, pp. 269 sqq., 313 sqq., Breslau, 1874; A. Guidee, Vie du . . Joseph Varin, pp. 72 sqq., 169 sqq., Paris, 1860; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregalionen, iii. 88 sqq.
PACE, RICHARD : English ecclesiastic, diplomatist, and man of letters; b. at or near Winchester, about 1482; d. at Stepney, in the east of London, 1536. His studies were principally conducted at Padua; and although, on his return, he entered Queen's College, Oxford, he very soon left it for the service of Cardinal Bainbridge, whom he accompanied to Rome at the end of 1509. In May, 1510, he became prebendary of South Muskham, Southwell. In 1514 he became archdeacon of Dorset, in 1519 dean of St. Paul's, and in 1522 dean of