THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
island and then on Mt. Athos, and in his numerous writings, mostly practical in tendency, he touched upon many problems of theology. He was a bitter opponent of Joannikios Kartanos (q.v.), and assailed the lifeless ceremonialism of his church in his work " Against the Hellenizers." He also sought to reform the monasticism of his time in a series of writings; especially, " On the Advantage from the Sacred Writings "; and he was likewise the author of the first Greek polemic against Luther. Besides these, he wrote a series of dogmatic and practical treatises. A partial collection of his works may be found in MPG, xcviii. 1333-60.
(Philipp Meyee.)
Bibliography: E. Legrand, Bibliographie hellenique, i. 231 sqq., Paris, 1885; P. Meyer, Die theologische Litteratur der griechischen Kirche im 16. J ahrhundert, pp. 38 sqq., Leipsic, 1899; Krumbacher, Geschichte, p. 593.
PACIANUS: Spanish theologian of the fourth century; d. about 390. The chief source for a knowledge of his life is Jerome (De vir. ill., cvi., cxxxii. ; Contra Rufinum, i. 24) . He was the father of the Flavius Lucius Dexter to whom Jerome dedicated his Catalogus virorum illustrium in 392, who in later life became bishop of Barcelona. Besides a lost work Cervus (apparently a penitential sermon or an admonition against a public amusement by that name then popular in Gaul and probably also in Spain), Pacianus wrote a Contra Novatianos, of which three letters have been preserved (ed. Tilius, Paris, 1537; Gallandi, Bibliotheca patrum, vii. 257- 267; MPL, xiii. 1051-82; H. Hurter, Innsbruck, 1878; and P. H. Peyrot, Zwolle, 1896). These are addressed to a certain Sympronianus or Sempronianus, who was in danger of adopting Novatianism. The first letter, " On the Catholic Name," defends the Catholic position; the second " On the Letters of Sympronianus," answers certain questions and objections; the third, " Against the Tractates of the Novatians," refutes the erroneous doctrines and abuses of the sect (MPL, xiii. 1051-82). Pacianus was likewise the author of a Parcenesis ad paenitentiam (ib., p. 1081) and of a Sermo de baptismo (ib., p. 1089). These works are more distinguished for correct Latinity and clear and pleasing presentation than for originality, representing the essential practical point of view of traditional orthodoxy. According to Jerome, Dexter, the son of Pacianus, wrote a history which has never been published, the Chronicon Dextri, alleged to have been discovered by the Jesuit Hieronymus Romanus de la Higuera (ed. Saragossa, 1619; MPL, xxxi. 55-572), being a forgery. (O. ZocKLERf.)
Bibliography: ASB, March, ii. 44; Tillemont, Memoires, viii. 539; P. B. Gams, Kirchengeschichte Spaniens, ii. 1, pp. 318-324, 334-336, Regensburg, 1864; W. S. Teuffel, Geschichte der romischen Litteratur, p. 1074, Leipsie, 1890- DCB, iv. 171.
PACIFICATION, EDICTS OF: The name generally given to those edicts which from time to time the French kings issued in order to pacify the Huguenots. The first of the kind was that issued by Charles IX. in 1562, which guaranteed the Reformed religion toleration within certain limits; the last was the famous Edict of Nantes. (See Nantes, Edict of.)
PACIFIC ISLANDS: See South Sea Islands.
PADDOCK, ROBERT LEWIS: Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop of Eastern Oregon; b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1869. He was educated at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. (B.A., 1894), and Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, Conn, (from which he was graduated in 1897), and was ordered deacon in 1897 and ordained priest in the following year. He was in charge of St. Paul's Mission, Southington, Conn. (1897), and secretary of the Church Students' Missionary Association and assistant minister of St. Paul's, Cleveland, O. (1897- 1898). As vicar of the pro-cathedral, New York City (1898-1901), and rector of Holy Apostles', New York (1902-07), he distinguished himself by his fight against the immorality flagrant in his parish. In 1907 he was consecrated missionary bishop of the newly erected see of Eastern Oregon.
PADERBORN, BISHOPRIC OF: An ancient bishopric in the present kingdom of Prussia. In the assignment of the Saxon mission field to various Frankish dioceses, the district around Paderborn was designated as belonging to the bishopric of Wiirzburg, probably at the diet held in Paderborn itself in 777. At the conclusion of the Saxon war, Charlemagne made it an independent diocese, appointing to it Hathumar, a Saxon by birth and a priest of the Wiirzburg diocese. This was probably in the first decade of the ninth century. The new see was subject to the metropolitan jurisdiction of Mainz. (A. Hauck.)
The second bishop, Badurad (815-852), was influential in public affairs, and as envoy of Louis the Pious persuaded Lothair to submit to his father. Among the best known is Thomas Oliver (1223-25), crusader and historian, later cardinal-bishop of Sabina. Under Eric of Brunswick (1508-32) the doctrines of the Reformation made headway in the diocese, and the see was next held by Hermann von Wied, the reforming archbishop of Cologne. In 1802 the bishopric was secularized, and the temporal jurisdiction assigned to Prussia, to which, after a short period as part of the kingdom of Westphalia, it returned in 1814. By the bull De salute animarum of 1821 the diocese was not only maintained as a spiritual entity, but enlarged by the jurisdiction of the former bishoprics of Corvey, Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Merseburg, and Naumburg, as well as portions of some others, thus becoming the second largest in Germany.
Bibliography: The literature under Muenster, Bishopric of; Rettberg, KD, ii. 438 sqq.; Hauck, KD, vol. ii. passim; M. Gorges, Beitrage zur Geschichte des Hochstiftes Paderborn im 17. J ahrhundert. Minister, 1892; F. Philippi, Zur Verfassungsgeschichte der westfalischen Bischofsstadte, Osnabriick, 1894; F. X. Schrader, Leben und Wirken Meinwerks Bischof's von Paderborn, 1009-36, Paderborn, 1895; J. Falter, Der preussische Kulturkampf 1873-80, mit Berilcksichtigung der Diocese Paderborn, ib. 1900.
PiEDOBAPTISM (Gk. paidos, "of a child," and baptismos, "baptism"): The baptism of little children, commonly called baptism of infants (see Baptism).
PAGAN, PAGANISM. See Heathenism, § I.