THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
came the resort of a disorderly rabble from far and near. He corresponded with Augustine and Jerome, but the two letters to Rufinus (xlvi., xlvii.) do not fit into his life and are probably not genuine. When he became bishop is uncertain — probably shortly before 410. His manner of life and activity were nowise changed thereby; for twenty years he continued to be admired and loved, especially by the monastic party, and enjoyed intercourse with the best of its men and women, who visited him or corresponded with him. He lived to see the beginning of the Pelagian controversy, but apparently suffered neither Augustine nor the Emperor Honorius to draw him actively into it against his friends, Pelagius and Julian.
Of the writings of Paulinus, the following, mentioned by Gennadius (De vir. ill., xlix.), are lost: a panegyric on the Emperor Theodosius (praised by Jerome — Epist., lviii. — as surpassing all of Paulinus's earlier efforts in richness of thought and finished expression), an Opus sacramentorum et hymnorum, certain letters to his sister, a Liber de pcenitentia and a Liber de laude generali omnium martyrum. A poetical version of a lost work of Suetonius De regibus, known from Ausonius (Epist., xix. 10 sqq.), has also perished. Forty-nine letters to friends (Sulpicius Severus, Augustine, Delphinus, Victricius, Pammachius, and others) and thirtythree poems are preserved. Of the poems the most important are epistles to Ausonius, thirteen eulogies of Felix of Nola, and an epithalamium for a son of a bishop of Capua. The amiable personality of the author is evident in his writings, which show good and bad features in monasticism. He is convinced of the vanity of all the things of this world. Earthly goods are but a means to the attainment of the kingdom of heaven through their right use, and they serve their purpose best when they are thrown away. From a depreciation of self he passed to a tendency to see the abnormal and exceptional in the simple and natural, to seek and find miracles and see visions, and to exaggerate reverence for saints and relics. In Epist. xxxii. 10 sqq., Paulinus describes the basilica which he had built; and in xiii. 11 sqq., he gives what is probably the earliest information about St. Peter's in Rome, thus furnishing data of much importance for the history of Christian art.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The editio princeps of the Opera, by Johannes Parvus and Jodocus Badius Ascensius, was printed Paris, 1516; subsequent eds. are: H. Gravius, Cologne, 1560, reproduced in J. J. Grynajus, Monumenta, Basel, 1569, and by A. Schott, with life, in Bibliotheca patrum, Cologne, 1618; H. Rosweyde and Fronton le Due, Antwerp, 1622; chronologically arranged, with many corrections by J. B. le Bran des Marettes, 2 vols., Paris, 1685, the basis of later eds., enlarged by the addition of some poems by Muratori, Verona, 1736, and in MPL, lxi.; Gallandi, Bibliotheca patrum, vol. viii., 1772, contains these and other poems, carefully edited, while A. Mai, Classici auctores, vol. v., Rome, 1N27, included two other pieces in verse. Sources for the history of Paulinus are his own writings and those of Augustine, Jerome, Ambrose, Sulpicius Severus, and Ausonius. Two interesting early works are: H. Vaughan, The Life of Blessed Paulinus, in Flores solitudinis, London, 1654; and F. Chifflet, Paulinus illustrates, Dijon, 1662. Other monographs are by M. Rabanis, Bordeaux, 1840; A. Buse, Regensburg, 1850 (the best perhaps); M. Fabre, Strasburg, 1862; F. Lagrange,
Paris, 1884; M. Lafon, Montauban, 1885; A. Puech, Paris, 1887; P. Reinelt, Breslau, 1904. Consult further- DCB, iv. 234-245 (elaborate); ASB, June, iv. 198-225; W. Cave, Hist, literaria, i. 288 sqq., Oxford, 1740; W. S. Gilly, Vigilantius and his Times, London, 1844; A. Ebert Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Litteratur, i. 294 sqq., Leipsic, 1889; W. Manitius, Geschichte der christlichlateinischen Poesie, pp. 272 sqq., Stuttgart, 1891; G. Rauschen, Jahrbucher der christlichen Kirche unter Theodosius derm Grosse, Freiburg, 1897; Tillemont, Memoires, vol. xiv. 1-146, 720-737; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, viii. 50- 100, with related documents, vii. 619 sqq., 648, viii. 120 126, ix. 72-75, 92, et passim.
PAULINUS OF PELLA: Christian poet; born at Pella, probably the son of a prefect of Macedonia named Hesperius, about 376; d. after 459. His father went as proconsul to Africa, and Paulinus, when three years of age, was sent to Bordeaux to be brought up by his grandfather, then consul, who is supposed to have been Ausonius (q.v.). The boy received a good education, but intermittent fever compelled him to give up instruction for the ministry. At twenty he married at the wish of his elders, and gave his time to the property of his wife, then reduced by mismanagement. When he was thirty the barbarian invasions began, and by that of the Goths the destruction of his wealth was completed. Continuous misfortune induced Paulinus to turn his attention to religious studies; he overcame his tendency to a heretical form of Christianity and entered the orthodox Church in 421. He then withdrew into solitude, lived long upon the charity of others, until he came into possession of a limited competence. His autobiographic poem shows him reconciled to his lot in life through his religion. This was written when he was eighty-three years of age, and bears the title Eucharisticos (Eucharisticori) Deo sub ephemeridis mew textu. In 616 lines it proceeds without bombast, clearly and unpretentiously, to the end; it reveals knowledge of Vergil, Ausonius, Paulinus of Nola, Marius Victor, Sedulius, and Juvencus. It has been edited in M. de la Bigne, Bibliotheca patrum, appendix (Paris, 1579); by C. Daum (Leipsic, 1681) ; by W Brandes, in CSEL, xvi. 263-334 (Vienna, 1888). (G. Kruger.)
Bibliography: W. Brandes, in Zeitschrift fur die osterreichischen Gymnasien, xxxi (1880), 248-251, xxxii (1881), 321- 330; O. Seeck, in prolegomena to Symmachus, in MGH, Auct. Ant., vii (1883), 1 sqq.; A. Ebert, Alloemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, i. 405-409, Leipsic, 1889; J. Rocafort, De Paulini Pallosi vita et carmine, Bordeaux, 1890; M. Manitius, Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Poesie, pp. 213-218, Stuttgart, 1891; Histoire littiraire de la France, ii. 363; DCB, iv. 246.
PAULINUS OF PERIGEUX: Christian poet; flourished in the second half of the fifth century. He is the author of an extensive poem of 3,622 lines on St. Martin of Tours (edited in M. de la Bigne, Bibliotheca patrum, vol. viii., Paris, 1579; by C\ Daum, Leipsic, 1581; in MPL, lxi. 1009-76; and by M. Petschenig, in CSEL, xvi. 1-190, Vienna, 1888), and of two smaller poems. The first five books describe the life of the saint. At the basis of the sixth book is a report of the miracles wrought by the saint after his death furnished by Bishop Perpetuus of Tours (458-488). There is attached a dedication to Perpetuus. The two lesser poems were also sent with a dedication to Perpetuus. The