RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Pfamany, Peter Peace Movements
monasteries, and parsonages had disappeared. The archbishop's residence belonged to the Turks, and he resided at Tyrnau (Nagy Szombat). Many places were without priests, only licentiates officiating. The eastern part of the kingdom (Transylvania) nourished under Calvinistic princes (Bocskay, Bethlen, Rakocy), where no Roman Catholic bishops existed. Pazmany secured educated priests and founded (1623) a new seminary at Vienna, which still exists under the name of Pazmaneum. He gave 100,000 gulden (148,500) to that institution and placed it under the guidance of Jesuits. Students of distinction were sent to Rome to the Germanico-Hungaricum Collegium, over which he was appointed protector. He revived the school at Tyrnau (1626) where the number of students increased to 1,000; and for poor boys of noble extraction he erected the Convictus nobilium. He enlarged it to a seminary under professors of the Jesuit order (1630), and finally elevated it by his endowment of 100,000 gulden to the rank of a university, sanctioned by the king and the pope and opened by himself Nov. 13, 1635, with the greatest pomp, assisted by the first rector, the Jesuit Dobronoky. This was the nucleus of the present great university of Budapest. The citizens of Pozsony, mostly Protestants, protested in vain. Pazmany, under royal authority, established there (1626) a Roman Catholic school, giving toward it 50,000 florins of his revenue and endowing it with his library and a printing-press. Into this school he introduced the Jesuits, and one of the four Lutheran preachers, because of his speech defending the free city's rights, suffered banishment. In similar fashion he treated the towns of Sopron and Szatmar, while bishops and other dignitaries followed the leadership of their spiritual head. Count Eszterhazy expelled from his dominions Protestant pastors, and others did the same. Pazmany held a synod at Tyrnau (1630) which adopted the Missale Romanian and Breviarium. With the aid of his intimate friend Lamormain, confessor to the king, he secured the royal decree permitting priests to use their fortunes for ecclesiastical purposes. This was the forerunner of the German " Restitution-Edict." Pazmany was determined upon regaining the former welfare, riches, and splendor; to this he sacrificed the interests of his country and constitutional liberty. He bitterly hated the Protestant princes, and remained a Jesuit to the last. That Europe lost in Hungary a Protestant nation is the work of Pazmany. Francis Balogh.
Bibliography: An edition of Pazmany's works was begun by the University of Budapest, the Hungarian series, 1894, and the Latin series the same year; six volumes have appeared. The most complete biography is by W. Fraknoi, 3 vols., Pesth, 1868-72. Others are by J. Podhraczky, Budapest, 1836; and I. Kankoffer, Vienna, 1856. A sketch of his life appears also in the " Works," Series Latina, vol. i. Consult also Ranke, Popes, ii. 211.
PEABODY, ANDREW PRESTON: Unitarian; b. at Beverly, Mass., Mar. 19, 1811; d. at Boston Mar. 10, 1893. He was graduated from Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., 1826, and from Harvard Divinity School, 1832; was pastor at Portsmouth, N. H., 1833-60; and professor of Christian morals, and preacher to Harvard University, 1860-81. He
edited The North- American Review, 1852-61 ; wrote Lecture on Christian Doctrine (Boston, 1844, 3d ed., 1857); Christian Consolations (1846, 6th ed., 1872); Conversation, its Faults and Graces (1856, 3d ed., 1882); Christianity the Religion of Nature (Lowell Lectures, 1864); Sermons for Children (1866); Reminiscences of European Travel (New York, 1868); Manual of Moral Philosophy (1873); Christianity and Science (Union Seminary Lectures, 1874, new ed., 1890); Christian Belief and Life (Boston, 1875); Baccalaureate Sermons (1885); Moral Philosophy: Lectures (1887); Harvard Reminiscences (1888); Harvard Graduates whom I have known (1890); and King's Chapel Sermons (1891); and made translations of Cicero's De officiis (1883), De senectute (1884), De Amicitia and " Scipio's Dream" (1884), " Tusculan Disputations " (1886); and " Plutarch on the Delay of the Divine Justice " (1885).
Bibliography: J. De Normandie, Andrew Preston Peahody: Memorial Sermon, Boston, 1893.
PEABODY, FRANCIS GREENWOOD: Unitarian; b. at Boston Dec. 4, 1847. He was educated at Harvard College (A.B., 1869) and Harvard Divinity School (1872). From 1874 to 1880 he was minister of the First Parish Church, Cambridge, Mass., and in 1880 was appointed Parkman professor of theology in Harvard Divinity School. Since 1886 he has been Plummer professor of Christian morals in Harvard University. He has written Mornings in the College Chapel: Short Addresses to Young Men on Personal Religion (Boston, 1896; 2d series, 1907) ; Afternoons in the College Chapel: Addresses to Young Men on Personal Religion (1898); Jesus Christ and the Social Question (New York, 1900); The Religion of an Educated Man (1903); Jesus Christ and the Christian Character (Lyman Beecher Lectures at Yale; 1905); and The Approach to the Social Question (1909).
PEACE OF GOD. See Truce of God.