RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Paulirms of Nola Paulus
first relates the recovery of a morbescent grandson of Paulinus through laying upon his person a writing by Perpetuus; the second is an inscription for St. Martin's Church at Tours, built by the latter. Nothing is known further concerning the life of Paulinus. His largest poem shows the influence of Christian poetry (Juvencus, Sedulius), and of Vergil, Ovid, and other ancient poets.
(G. Krtjger.)
Bibliography: T. Wopkens, Adversaria critica, ed. G. H. Frotscher, pp. 226-285, Leipsic, 1835; M. Manitius, in Zeitschrift fur die oesterreichische Gymnasien, xxxvii (1886), 253-254, 402^06; idem, Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Poesie, pp. 226-232, Stuttgart, 1891; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, i. 402- 405, Leipsic, 1889; Histoire UtUraire de la France, ii. 469 sqq.; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, viii. 89, 120, x. 441-443; DCB, iv. 246.
PAULINUS OF YORK: First bishop of York; d. at Rochester Oct. 10, 644. He was probably a native of Rome, though it has been conjectured on the basis of Welsh tradition, which ascribes the conversion of Northumbria to a British priest, that he was a Briton who had taken up his residence at Rome (cf. Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, i. 124, iii. 75). With Mellitus (q.v.) and others he was sent by Pope Gregory the Great to join Augustine in England in 601. In 625 he was consecrated bishop by Justus, archbishop of Canterbury, and sent to Northumbria with Ethelburga, princess of Kent, the bride of Edwin, the Northumbrian king. He converted Edwin, and baptized him and many of his nobles on Easter, Apr. 12, 627. It has been conjectured on the basis of a legend concerning the conversion of Edwin that Paulinus was sent on a mission to East Anglia before 616. Paulinus preached zealously and made many converts as long as Edwin lived. A wooden church, dedicated to St. Peter, was built at York and one of stone was begun. In 633 Penda, the heathen king of Mercia, with the help of the Christian Britons, overthrew and slew Edwin at Heathfield in southeast Yorkshire, whereupon Paulinus, with Queen Ethelburga and her children, took refuge in Kent (see Edwin). Paulinus was made bishop of Rochester. He received the pallium from Pope Honorius I. in 634, after he had left his see at York.
Bibliography: Bede, Hist, eccl., i. 29, ii. 9, 10, 12-14, 16- 20; Fasti Eboracenses, ed. W. H. Dixon and J. Raine, i.35-46, London, 1863; ASB, Oct., v. 102 sqq.; W. Bright, Early English Church History, pp. 55, 111-123, 126-149, Oxford, 1897; W. Hunt, The English Church 597-1066, passim, London, 1899; DCB, iv. 248; DNB, xliv. 96-98 (where a number of references to scattered sources of value are given) .
PAULIST FATHERS. See Paul the Apostle, Congregation op.
PAULSEN, FRIEDRICH: Educator, philosopher, and ethicist; b. at Langenhorn (90 m. n.w. of Hamburg) July 16, 1846; d. at Berlin Aug. 14, 1908. He received his education in the gymnasium at Altona, and at the universities of Erlangen, Bonn, and Berlin (Ph.D., 1871); became privat-docent in philosophy at Berlin, 1871, extraordinary professor, 1877, and professor, 1894, thus spending practically the whole of his life in the service of that university. He was the author of Symbolce ad sys-
temata philosophies moralis historicce et criticce (Berlin, 1871); Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der kantischen Erkentnisstheorie (Leipsic, 1875); Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts auf den deutschen Schulen und Universitdten vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zur Gegenwart (1885; Eng. transl., The German Universities: their Character and historical Development, London and New York, 1895); System der Ethik mit einem Umriss der Staats- und Gesellschaftslehre (2 parts, Berlin, 1889, 8th ed., 2 vols., 1906; Eng. transl., A System of Ethics, London, 1899) ; Dos Realgymnasium und die humanistische Bildung (Berlin, 1889); Einleitung in die Philosophic (1892, 16th ed., 1905; Eng. transl., Introduction to Philosophy, London, 1895); Immanuel Kant, sein Leben und seine Lehre (1898; Eng. transl., Immanuel Kant: his Life and Doctrine, London and New York, 1902) ; Schopenhauer, Hamlet, Mephistopheles (1900); Philosophia militans (1901); Die deutschen Universitdten und das Universitdt-Studium (1902; Eng. transl., German Universities and University Study, London, 1906); Die hoheren Schulen Deutschlands und ihr Lehrerstand in ihrem Verhdltnis zum Staat und zur geistlichen Kultur (1904; Eng. transl., German Education, Past and Present, London, 1908); Gesammelte Vortrdge und Aufsdtze zur Ethik, Politik und Pddagogik (2 vols., 1907) ; and Moderne Erziehung und geschlechtliche Sittlichkeit (1908).