THE NEW
SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, DJX, LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
CHARLES COLEBROOK SHERMAN
[VOLUMES I— VI]
AND
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
{Associate Editors)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KIM CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament)
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
Complete in twelve IDoIumee
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE NEW
3CHAFF-HERZ0G ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
EDITED BY
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
( Editor-in- Chief )
WITH THE SOLE ASSISTANCE, AFTER VOLUME VI., OF
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor)
AND THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT EDITORS
(LARENCE AUGUSTINE BECK WITH, D.D.
(Department of Systematic Theology )
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.
(Department of Minor Denominations)
TAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.
(Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders)
JAMES FREDERIC McCURDY, PH.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament )
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.
(Department of the New Testament)
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.
(Department of Church History)
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography)
VOLUMET IX PETRI — REUCHLIN
FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Copyright, 1911, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England
Printed in the United States of America Published January, 1911
EDITORS
SAMUEL MACAULEY JACKSON, D.D., LL.D.
(Editor-in-Chief. ) Professor of Church History, New York University.
GEORGE WILLIAM GILMORE, M.A.
(Associate Editor.) New York, Formerly Professor of Biblical History and Lecturer on Comparative Religion, Bangor Theological Seminary.
DEPARTMENT EDITORS, VOLUME IX
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH, D.D.,
(Department of Systematic Theology.)
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological
Seminary.
HENRY KING CARROLL, LL.D.,
(Department of Minor Denominations.)
Secretary of Executive Committee of] the Western Section
for the Fourth Ecumenical Methodist Conference.
JAMES FRANCIS DRISCOLL, D.D.,
(.Department of Liturgies and Religious Orders.) Hector of St. Gabriel's, New Roehelle, N. Y.
JAMES FREDERICK McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D.
(Department of the Old Testament.)
Professor of Oriental Languages, University College,
Toronto.
HENRY SYLVESTER NASH, D.D.,
(Department of the New Testament.) Professor of the Literature and Interpretation of the New Testament, Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.
ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D.,
(Department of Church History.)
Professor of Church History. Southwestern Baptist
Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Tex.
FRANK HORACE VIZETELLY, F.S.A.,
(Department of Pronunciation and Typography.)
Managing Editor of the Standard Dictionary, etc.,
New York City.
COFTKIBUTOKS AND COLLABOKATOKS, VOLUME IX
JUSTIN EDWARDS ABBOTT, D.D.,
Missionary in Bombay, India. HANS ACHELIS, Ph.D., Th.D., Professor of Theology, University of Halle. SAMUEL JUNE BARROWS (f), D.D.,
Late Corresponding Secretary of the Prison Association, New York.
GEORGE JAMES BAYLES, Ph.D.,
Writer on Civil Church Law.
DONALD BEATON,
Minister at Wick, Scotland.
CLARENCE AUGUSTINE BECKWITH,
D.D.,
Professor of Systematic Theology, Chicago Theological Seminary.
GEORG BEER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
Extraordinary Professor of the Old Testament in the Evangelical Theological Faculty, University of Strasburg.
HENRY BEETS,
Stated Clerk of the Synod of the Christian Reformed Church, Editor-m-Chief of The Banner, Grand Rapids, Mich.
KARL BENRATH, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Konigsberg.
IMMANUEL GUSTAV ADOLF BENZIN-
GER, Ph.D., Th.Lic,
German Orientalist and Vice-Consul for Holland in Jerusalem.
CARL BERTHEAU, Th.D.,
Pastor at St. Michael's, Hamburg.
EDWIN MUNSELL BLISS, D.D.,
Author of Books on Missions, Washington, D. C.
THEODORA CROSBY BLISS,
Writer on Missions.
MABEL THORP BOARDMAN,
Member of Executive Committee of the American National Red Cross.
HEINRICH BOEHMER, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Bonn.
GOTTLIEB NATHANAEL BONWETSCH, Th.D.,
Professor of Church History, University of Gottingen.
GUSTAV BOSSERT, Ph.D., Th.D.,
Retired Pastor, Stuttgart.
FRIEDRICH HEINRICH BRANDES, Th.D.,
Reformed Minister and Chaplain at Buckeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe.
EDUARD BRATKE (f), Ph.D., Late Professor of Church History, University of Breslau.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D,,
Litt.D.,
Professor of Theological Encyclopedia and Symbolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.