RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Photius Piacenza
private letters to bishops, clerics, monks, etc., mostly letters of encouragement, recommendation, admonition, and the like (102 numbers, many of them very short) ; and letters to laymen, especially high officials (67 numbers). Valettas (see below, § 5) gives a larger number disposed in five books: " dogmatic and hermeneutic letters " (84 numbers); " parenetic letters" (57 numbers); "consolatory letters" (15 numbers); "letters of censure" (64 numbers); and "miscellaneous letters" (40 numbers, mostly brief friendly notes).
Photius' other writings include: Bible commentaries, of which only fragments are preserved (cf. MPG, ci. 1189-1253). A lexicon intended as a help to the understanding of authors whose diction was no longer current in the ninth century; it shows little originality and perhaps belongs to Photius' youth; probably he had help in composing it. Poems, of which three odes on Basil and a hymn of nine odes on Christ are known (the former in MPG, cii. 577 sqq., the latter in the Ekklesiastike Aletheia, Constantinople, 1895). An " Exhortation by Means of Proverbs " is published by J. Hergenrother in his Monumenta Grceca ad Photium ejusqne historiam pertinentia (Regensburg, 1869, pp. 20-52), as well as some fragments of philosophical writings (pp. 12 sqq.) and a not uninteresting extract from a work " On the Holy Liturgy " (pp. 11-12). For lost works of Photius (against the Emperor Julian, against Leontius of Antioch, and probably also a study on contradictions in the Roman codes) cf. Krumbacher, Geschichte, p. 522.
Photius was not the author of the Nomocanon, the standard law-book of the Eastern Church (see Nomocanons). It is older than his time, though it was supplemented during his patriarchate (in 883, according to the preface), and his councils of 861 and 879 had a part in this work. Whether Photius himself prepared the new edition is uncertain; but it is at least evident that he had a good knowledge of canon law, for some of his letters expound legal points in an illuminating manner. The canons of his councils were certainly Photius' work, and the Bibliotheca proves his acquaintance with the legal literature.
Photius' writings are collected in MPG, ci.-civ. The last two volumes contain the Bibliotheca, the text being that of Immanuel Bekker (2 vols., Berlin, 1824). Migne's text
of the Amphilochia (vol. ci.) was furnished 5. Editions, by Bishop Jean Baptiste Malou, with the
help of Hergenrother, from a Vatican manuscript and without knowledge of the manuscript of Mt. Athos, which is the basis of the more valuable edition published by Constantinus CEconomus (Athens, 1858). The "Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit " was first edited by Hergenrother (Regensburg, 1857); his text is reprinted with copious notes in Migne (cii.). The " Dissertation on the Manicheans " was first published in complete form (four books) by Johann Christoph Wolff in his Anecdota Grasca, i.-ii (Hamburg, 1722), whence it was reprinted by Migne (cii. pp. 15 sqq.). The work referred to above as " Precise Conclusions and Proofs " is given by Migne (civ. 1219 sqq.) under the title " Ten Questions and Answers." The most complete collection of Photius' addresses and sermons (or of what purport to be such; see above, II., § 4) is S. Aristarches' " Eighty-three Addresses and Homilies of Photius " (2 vols., Constantinople, 1900). The letters (reprinted from older works) are in MPL, cii., as well as in the much better and more complete edition by Johannes Valettas, " Letters of Photius" (London, 1864); as supplements, Valettas prints the " Ten Questions and
IX.— 4
Answers " mentioned above and a similar " Five Questions and Answers." A. Papadopoulos-Kerameus has attempted to supplement Valettas in his Sancti Patriarchal Photii epistolce xlv. (St. Petersburg, 1896), though in his Photiaka (1897) he states that only the first twenty-one letters really belong to Photius, the others being properly ascribed to Isidore of Pelusium. The best edition of the lexicon is by S. A. Naber (2 vols., Leyden, 1864-65). Certain fragments and treatises of lesser moment are published in J. Hergenrother, Monumenta grmca ad Photium ejusqe historiam pertinentia (Regensburg, 1869), and in A. Papadopoulos-Kerameus, Monumenta grceca et latino ad historiam Photii patriarchal pertinentia (2 parts, St. Petersburg, 1899-1901). The writing " On the Franks and the Other Latins," printed by Hergenrother in the first of these collections (pp. 62 sqq.), is shown in his Photius (iii. 172 sqq.) to be spurious; it is probably subsequent to the time of Michael Casrularius. For the Scripta canonica (including the Nomocanon), cf
MpG-™- (F Kattenbtjsch.)
Bibliography: The most accessible compend of epistolary and conciliar sources is Mansi, Concilia, xv. 159 sqq., xvi. 1 sqq., 209 sqq., 295 sqq., 413 sqq., 425 sqq., xvii. 365 sqq.; to this may be added the material in MPG, cv. 509 sqq., cviii. 1037 sqq., cix. 155 sqq., 663 sqq., 985 sqq. The work of first rank is J. Hergenrother, Photius, sein Leben, seine Schriften, und das griechische Schisma, 3 vols., Regensburg, 1867-69. Exceedingly useful is Krumbacher, Geschichte, 73 sqq., 515 sqq., 971 sqq., where an excellent list of literature is found, including a very full statement of editions of the works. Consult further: Fabricius-Harles, Bibliotheca Grceca, x. 670 sqq., xi. 1 sqq., Hamburg, 1807-08; J. N. Jager, Histoire de Photius, Paris, 1854; L. Tosti, Storia dell' origine dello scisma greco, 2 vols., Florence, 1856; H. Lammer, Papst Nikolaua und die byzantinische Staatskirche seiner Zeit, Berlin, 1857; A. Pichler, Geschichte der kirchliche Trennung zwischen dem Orient und Occident, i. 180 sqq., Munich, 1864; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste von Gregor I. bis auf Gregor VII., ii. 1 sqq., Elberfeld, 1869; A. F. Gfrorer, Byzantinische Geschichten, vols, ii.— iii., Graz, 1873; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectee, iii. 319-442, Regensburg, 1882; A. Gasquet, U Empire byzantin et la monarchic franque, pp. 348-372, Paris, 1888; G. Bernhardy, Grundriss der griechischen Litteratur, vol. i., Halle, 1892; F. W. F. Kattenbusch, Vergleichende Konfessionskunde, i. 118 sqq., Freiburg, 1892; A. H. Hore, Eighteen Centuries of the Orthodox Greek Church, 365-369,376-383, London, 1899; idem, Students Hist, of the Greek Church, ib. 1902; W. F. Adeney, The Greek and Eastern Churches, pp. 209, 235 sqq., 279-280, New York, 1908; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xii. 719-734; Schaff, Christian Church, iv. 636-642; Neander, Christian Church, iii. 561-578 et passim; Harnack, Dogma, vols, ii.-v. ; the literature under the articles on Popes John VIII., Martin II., Adrian III., Stephen V. and VI., and Formosus II., also contain matter that is pertinent; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. iv.; KL, ix. 2082 sqq.
PHRYGIA, frij'i-a: A region of fluctuating boundaries occupying the central portion of Asia Minor. At the beginning of the Christian era the name had merely an ethnological and no geographical significance. There was no Roman province of the name Phrygia until the fourth century. In the northern part were the cities of Ancyra, Gordician, Doryleum; in the southern, Colossse, Hierapolis, Laodicea. The region is of great importance for the history of religion after about 200 B.C., the cults of the West imported from the East receiving a profound impress from the primitive usages still current in Phrygia. Especially is this the case with the mysteries so strongly renascent in the century before the Christian era. See Asia Minoe.
PHUT. See Table of the Nations, § 6.
PHYLACTERY. See Tefillin.
PIACENZA, SYNOD OF. See Ubban II.
Piarists
Pictet