THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Pastors " from adopting a new formula of subscription in 1706. Pictet also distinguished himself as Christian poet, his hymns soon becoming popular conjointly with the Psalms, and some of them still being found in French hymnals. Mention should likewise be made of Pictet 's Huit sermons sur I'examen des religions (3d ed., Geneva, 1716; Eng. transl., True and False Religion examined; the Christian Religion defended; and the Protestant Reformation vindicated, Edinburgh, 1797) and of his Dialogue entre un catholique et un protestant (1713; Eng. transl., Romanist Conversations, London, 1826).
Eugene Choisy. Bibliography: E. de Bude, Vie de Benedict Pictet, Lausanne, 1874; J. Gaberel, Hist, de Veglise de Geneve, vol. iii., Geneva, 1862; C. Borgeaud, Hist, de Vuniversite de Geneve, ib. 1900; Lichtenberger, ESR, x. 599-600.
PICTURES, MIRACULOUS: Certain pictures or images believed by the Roman Catholic Church to confer special graces upon those who look at them, on the intercession of the saint represented in them, and on condition of more or less subjective susceptibility on the part of the beholder. Among these graces are recovery from illness, discovery of secrets, inspiration to good works, and the like. The popular notion ascribes miraculous powers to the pictures themselves; but theologians take pains to explain that God alone is the wonder-worker, and the picture only the locality and occasion of the miracle, by means of the intercession of the saint, or sometimes the means by which the miracle is worked, as in cases where the image is supposed to speak, to weep, or to open and close its eyes.
(C. GRUNEISENf.) Bibliography: Council of Trent, session XXV., Latin and English in Schaff, Creeds, ii. 199-205; M. Chemnitz, Examinis concilii O Tridentini . Opus, Frankfort, 1565- 1573, reprint, ed. Preuss, Berlin, 1861, Eng. transl., London, 1582; J. Marx, Das Wallfahren in der katholischen Kirche, Treves, 1842.
PIE (PYE), pai: The name given to the indextable on which prior to the Reformation in England the directions for worship were written, and to the early ordinal or directory for priests, containing a table of daily services and a summary of the mass rubrics. The arrangement was complicated and obscure, and the investigation required to discover the proper order was sometimes extended. The result was great confusion in the services. The name is perhaps derived from pica, " magpie," and is the result of the " pied " appearance of the book caused by the printing of initials in red and the body in black type on white paper.
Bibliography: W. Maskell, Monumenta ritualia ecclesice Anglicanas, 3 vols., London, 1846-47; M. E. C. Walcott, The English Ordinal; its Hist., Validity, and Catholicity, ib. 1851; idem, Sacred Archaeology, p. 445, ib. 1860; J. H. Blunt, The Annotated Book of Common Prayer, pp. 101 sqq., New York, 1908. A transl. of a pie is given in The Roman Breviary, transl. by John, Marquess of Bute, i. pp. xi.-l., Edinburgh, 1879.
PIEPER, pi'per, ANTON: German Roman Catholic; b. at Ludinghausen (16 m. s.w. of Minister), Westphalia, Mar. 20, 1854. He was educated at the universities of Milnster, Innsbruck, and Rome from 1874 to 1883 (D.D., Freiburg, 1883), and in 1890 became privat-docent for church history and Christian archeology at the University of Munster,
associate professor of church history in 1896, and full professor of church history and Christian archeology in 1899. He has written Papst Urban VIII. und die Mantuaner Erbfolgefrage (Freiburg, 1883); Die Propaganda-Congregation und die nordlichen Missionen in siebzehnten Jahrhundert (Cologne, 1886); Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der standigen Nuntiaturen (Freiburg, 1894); Die papstlichen Legaten und Nuntien in Deutschland, Frankreich und Spanien seit der Mitte des sechzehnten Jahrhunderts (Munster, 1897); Die alte Universitdt Munster 1773-1818 (1902); and Christentum, romisches Kaisertum, und heidnischer Staat (1907).
PIEPER, FRANZ AUGUST OTTO: Lutheran; b. at Carwitz (85 m. w. of Danzig), Pomerania, June 27, 1852. After studying at the gymnasium of Colberg, Pomerania, he graduated in 1872 at Northwestern University, Watertown, Wis., and in 1875 from Concordia Theological Seminary, St. Louis, Mo. He was Lutheran pastor at Manitowoc, Wis. (1875-78), professor of theology in Concordia Seminary (1878 to 1887), since president of the same institution, and also president of the Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states since 1899. In addition to his work as editor of Lehre und Wehre, he has written Das Grundbekenntnis der evangelischlutherischen Kirche (St. Louis, Mo., 1880); Lehre von der Rechtfertigung (1889); Gesetz und Evangelium (1892); Distinctive Doctrines of the Lutheran Church (Philadelphia, 1892); Unsere Stellung in Lehre und Praxis (St. Louis, 1896) ; Lehr stellung der Missouri-Synode (1897); Christ's Work (1898); and Das Wesen des Christentums (1903).
PIERCE, LOVICK: Methodist Episcopal South; b. in Halifax County, N. C, Mar. 24, 1785; d. at Sparta, Ga., Nov. 9, 1879. With very limited education, he entered the ministry in South Carolina in 1804, and served as chaplain in the war of 1812, after which he studied medicine and practised at Greensborough, Ga., until about 1821, when he permanently resumed the ministry. He was abundant in labors; possessed remarkable physical endurance, and was a man of great intellectual force and moral power. He was a strong advocate of the Wesleyan doctrine of sanctification ; and was one of the first to encourage, and did much to advance, the cause of higher education in his church. He was a member of the first delegated general conference of Methodism in 1812; and remained one of its chief representatives in its conferences as well as before the country until his death. Bibliography: J. M. Buckley, in American Church History
Series, vol. v. passim, New York, 1895; and the other
works cited under Methodists which cover his locality
and period.
PIERIUS, pi-er'i-us: Presbyter of Alexandria. According to an excerpt from the " Christian History " of Philippus Sidetes by H. Dodwell, Dissertatio in Irenmum (Oxford, 1689), it appears that Pierius was the head of the catechetical school at Alexandria, the successor of Dionysius, and predecessor of Theognostus [c. 265 a.d.]. Photius also names Pierius as master of the school and teacher of Pamphilus. Eusebius (Hist, eccl., VII., xxxii. 26, 27, 30, Eng. transl. in NPNF, 1 ser., i. 321-322,