RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Pisidia Pitzer
and their oral dispute was prolonged in writing. Margrave Jacob, dissatisfied with the Baden conference, and continually influenced by the duke of Bavaria, ordered a second religious colloquy, this time at his Emmendingen residence. The Roman Catholic debaters were the chaplain Zehender and the rector Georg Hanlin of Freiburg. The margrave had wished for the debate to turn on the doctrine of justification; and at his command Pistorius had prepared 300 theses on that subject, but again succeeded in making the theory of the Church the topic of argument. After seven sessions (June 3- 7, 1590), the margrave finally authorized the pronouncement that " Luther's church was a new church, and therefore a false church." Without further delay, the margrave solemnly became a member of the Roman Catholic Church in the monastery of Thennenbach (July 15), Busceus granting him absolution. Great joy reigned in Rome, and Pope Sixtus V appointed a feast of thanksgiving. Before it could be held, however, Margrave Jacob, after a brief illness, had died (Aug. 7, 1590). Immediately after his death, Ernest Frederick appeared at Emmendingen and forbade any change in religious conditions, but when this prince was later about to force Calvinism upon his domain, he, too, died a sudden death (1604). The entire margravate now devolved on George Frederick, whom neither Pistorius nor Ernest Frederick had been able to win from Lutheranism.
Pistorius outlived these events, but not in Baden.
He took orders, became vicar general to the bishop
of Constance, and resided for the most part in
Freiburg, devoting himself zealously to writing
polemics. Soon after his removal from
Clerical Baden, he published Wahrhafte Be- Career and schreibung, was sich bei Markgraf
Writings. Jakobs letzter Krankheit und Ableben verlauffen (1590) and Orationes de vita et morte Jacobi (1591).
Of great note among his many and widely published controversial writings was his Anatomia Lutheri (2 parts, Cologne, 1595-98), in which he sought to prove from Luther's writings that the Reformer was possessed of the seven evil spirits (lust, blasphemy, etc.), and that he was an utter abomination. The constructive counterpart to this work was his Wegweiser fur all verfuhrten Christen, das ist, ein wahrhaftiger Bericht von vierzehn durch die unrechtgldubigen in Streit gezogenen Artikeln, daraus jedermann der romischen Kirche Wahrheit erkennenkann (Minister, 1599). Pistorius rendered lasting service through his works on history and genealogy, particularly by his edition of the Scriptores rerum Germanicarum (3 vols., Frankfort, 1583- 1607) and by his Polonicce historic corpus (3 vols., Basel, 1582). His zeal was recognized by his church, for he was appointed imperial and Bavarian councilor, apostolic prothonotary, provost of the cathedral at Breslau, and domestic prelate to the abbot of Fulda. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography : For 1 , besides the literature under Contarini, Gasp aho, and Philip op Hesse, much of which is pertinent, consult: H. Heppe, Kirchengeschichte derbeiden Hessen, vol. i., Marburg, 1876; idem, Geschichte der hessischen Generalsynoden 1568-82, 2 vols., Cassel, 1847; Philipps des Grossmiithigen hessische Kirchenreformations-
Ordnung, ed. K. A. Credner, pp. ccxxxvi. sqq., Giessen, 1852; F. W. Hassencamp, Hessische Kirchengeschichte, 2 vols., Frankfort, 1864; P. Vetter, Die Religionsverhandlungen auf dem Reichstag zu Regensburg, pp. 71 sqq., Jena, 1889; F. Herrmann, Das Interim in Hessen, Marburg 1901.
For 2: K. F. Vierordt, Geschichte der evangelischen Kirche in dem Grossherzogtum Baden, ii. 21 sqq., Carlsruhe, 1856; A. Rass, Die Konvertiten seit der Reformation, ii. 488 sqq., iii. 83 sqq., Freiburg, 1886; J. Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes, v. 389 sqq., 395 sqq., Freiburg, 1886, Eng. transl., ix. 144-145, x. passim, St. Louis, 1906; F. von Weech, Badische Geschichte, pp. 276 sqq., Carlsruhe, 1890.
PITHOM: A treasure city built for Rameses II. by the Israelites (Ex. i. 11). It has been identified by Brugsch with Succoth, the first encampment on the route of the exodus, the starting-point being Rameses (Ex. xii. 37, xiii. 20), and by Naville with the present Tell al-Maskhuta in the Wady al-Tumilat on the line of the Sweet- Water Canal, between Isma'ilia and Tell al-Kebir. See Egypt, I., 4, § 2, 6, § 4.
PITRA, pi"tra, JEAN BAPTISTE: Cardinal; b. at Champforgeuil, near Autun (230 m. s.e. of Paris) Aug. 12, 1812; d. at Rome Feb. 9, 1889. He studied at the seminary at Autun, became priest in 1836, entered the order of St. Benedict in 1840, and lived in the abbey of Solesmes. In 1843 he was sent as prior to a new monastery at Paris, whence he made journeys throughout France, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, and England, in the interest of his order. He devoted himself to historical research and at Paris he helped to project the Patrologia of the Abbe Migne, and assisted in the publication of the first four volumes. In 1858 Pope Pius IX. sent him to Russia in the hope of effecting a union with the Greek Church, and he took occasion to prosecute his researches in archives, monasteries, and libraries. In 1861 he entered the service of the Propaganda; two years later he was made a cardinal priest; in 1869 he became librarian of the Vatican; in 1879, cardinal bishop of Frascati; and in 1884 he retired to the bishopric of Porto. He was an earnest advocate of the papal supremacy. He was the author of Etudes sur la collection des actes des saints par les Bollandists (Paris, 1850) ; and Histoire de Saint Leger (1846). His greatest work is Spicilegium Solesmense (4 vols., 1852-58), followed by Analecta sacra spicilegio Solesmensi parata (8 vols., 1876-91), and Analecta novissima (2 vols., 1885-88) ; the whole monumental work is of immense value as it is a treasure-house of hitherto unprinted documents relating to ecclesiastical history. To be added are the Juris ecclesiastici Grcecorum historia et monumenta (Rome, 1864-68), and Triodion katanacticon (1879); both the fruit of four years of travel and special study after 1858, when the pope directed him to devote his attention to the ancient and modern canons of the eastern churches; and Hymnographie de I'eglise grecque (1867). Bibliography: Biographies are by A. Battandier, Paris,
1893; and F. Cabrol, ib. 1893.
PITZER, ALEXANDER WHITE: Presbyterian; b. at Salem, Roanoke County, Va., Sept. 14, 1834; studied at Virginia Collegiate Institute (now Roanoke College, 1848-51); graduated at Hampden- Sidney College, Va. (1854); studied at Union Theo-
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