THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Basel, and what he wrote to the praise of the council, he retracted by appeal to Augustine in the bull In minoribus of Apr. 26, 1463.
Character. Even previously, in the Epistola retractationis (cf. F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Biicher, i. 40, Bonn, 1883), he had expressed himself in similar terms. And as touching his Commentarii on the Council of Basel, which during the sixteenth century found their way to the Index, he offset the same, in the years 1448-51, with a work advocating the papal point of view. Again, with reference to his obscene writings, about the period of 1440, the pope exclaims to his readers: " Away with that jEneas, and now receive Pius!" He brought his autobiography down to 1464; and it was issued in elaborated form by his friend Campano. Sundry historical, geographical, and ethnographical writings belong to the second period of his development, among them the history of Frederick III., wherein events of the years 1439- 1456 are set forth in piquant style, also, the " Bohemian History," and the works " Europa " and " Asia." The vindictiveness of the aggrieved humanist Filelfo attributed to Pius crimes against nature such as not even Piccolomini had committed. His life in the papal office appears to have been unobjectionable; although the charge of nepotism was well founded. Withal he was eager to eradicate heresy, even though he laid himself open to a charge of heresy: " With reason was marriage taken away from priests; but with weightier reason it ought to be again allowed them." In the case of Bishop Pecock of Chichester (q.v.), this prelate had first denied the infallibility of the Church in comparison with Holy Scripture, but had afterward renounced that " false doctrine." However, when still again he opposed the Church's infallibility, the pope (1459) commanded his legate to see to it that the apostate be burned, together with his writings. And under date of May 11, 1463, he urged the bloodthirsty and avaricious inquisitors to allow no human consideration to prevail as against the Waldenses. Thus even with him, no sooner was the interest of the ecclesiastical authority at stake than everything else that stamps his nature — classical culture, creature benevolence, liberality of a richly endowed intellect — was thrust aside.
Upon the death of Pius II. at Ancona on August 15, his body was conveyed to Rome, and first bestowed in the (older) Church of St. Peter; subsequently (1614), sarcophagus and monument were lodged in the Church of S. Andrea della Valle.
The pope's writings were printed in a collective edition at Basel, 1551 and 1571. His Liter a? 'appeared in many separate editions
Writings. (Cologne, 1478; Nuremberg, 1481, 1486, 1496.) They were classified, with many accessions, by G. Voigt in Archiv fur Kunde osterreichischer Geschichtsquellen (1856); some supplements appear in Pastor's Romische Pdpste, vol. ii., appendix (Freiburg, 1894; Eng. transl., vol. iii.); a new ed. was begun by R. Wolkan in the Fontes rerum Austriacarum, of which two volumes have appeared, Vienna, 1909-10. There is a Frankfort edition (1614) of his Commentarii rerum memorabilium, also, ed. G. Lesca, Pisa, 1894.
The Commentariorum de concilio Basiliensi
appeared at Cologne, 1521; his Epistola Retractationis is in C. Fea, Pius II. a calumniis vindicatus (Rome, 1823) ; the Historic, Friderici III. is in A. F. Kollar, Analecta Vindobonensia, vol. ii.
(Vienna, 1762); his "Addresses" were issued by Mansi (3 vols., Lucca, 1755-59); supplements by G. Cugnoni, Opera inedita Pii II. (Rome, 1883).
K. Beneath.
Bibliography: Creighton, Papacy, iii. 202-358; K. R. Hagenbach, Erinnerungen an JEneas Silvius Piccolomini Basel, 1840; C. H. Verdiere, Essai sur JEnea Silvio Piccolomini, Paris, 1843; J. M. Dux, Der deutsche Kardinal Nicolaus von Cusa, i. 169 sqq., ii. 119 sqq., 142 sqq., Regensburg, 1847; G. Voigt, Eneas Silvius . . und sein Zeitalter, 3 vols., Berlin, 1856-63; idem, Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen AUerthums, 2 vols., Berlin, 1880-81; H. G. P. Gengler, Ueber /Eneas Sylvius in seiner Bedeutung Jut die deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, Erlangen, 1860; F. Palacky, Geschichte von Bbhmen, iv. 2, pp. 80 sqq., Prague, 1860; A. Jager, Der Streit des Nikolaus von Cusa mit dem Herzog Sigmund von Oesterreich, i. 317 sqq., ii. 44 sqq., Innsbruck, 1861; C. A. H. Markgraf, Ueber das Verhaltniss des Kbnigs Georg von Bbhmen zu Papst Pius II., Breslau, 1867; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, iii. 1, pp. 129 sqq., 387 sqq., Berlin, 1868; F. H. Reusch, Index der verbotenen Biicher, i. 36, 40, Bonn, 1883; A. Frind, Die Kirchengeschichte Bbhmens, iv. 46 sqq., Prague, 1878; G. W. Kitchin, Life of Pius II., London, 1881; A. Beeg, Pius II. in seiner Bedeutung als Geograph, Halle, 1901; W. Boulting, /Eneas Silvius (Enea Silvio de Piccolomini — Pius II.), Orator, Man of Letters, Statesman and Pope, London, 1909; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 2, passim; Mirbt, Quellen, pp. 169-170; Ranke, Popes, i. 28-29, 306; Pastor, Popes, vols, ii.-iii. passim; Bower, Popes, iii. 241- 244 ; Platina, Popes, ii. 257—275, Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 565, viii. 64-122.
Pius III. (Francesco Todeschini) : Pope 1503. He was a nephew of Pope Pius II. and was born at Siena in 1439. His uncle had him educated at Perugia, and influenced him to adopt the name and arms of the Piccolomini. He also created him archbishop of Siena in 1460, cardinal in 1462, and governor of Rome in 1464. By the following popes the " cardinal of Siena " was largely employed on diplomatic missions. That he possessed courage was evinced by his vigorous opposition, in 1497, restraining Alexander VI. from erecting a duchy out of portions of the States of the Church in behalf of his son, the duke of Gandia. He is supposed to have owed his election in Sept., 1503, not so much to his unstained reputation as to his manifestly impaired health. In fact, he died on the tenth day after his enthronement, Oct. 18, 1503. He had permitted Caesar Borgia to return, and thus left the city of Rome in grievous confusion under the strife between him and the Orsini and Colonna.
K. Benrath.
Bibliography: Pastor, Popes, vi. 185-208; Creighton, Papacy, v. 61-67, F. Petruccelli della Gattina, Hist, diplomatique des conclaves, i. 435 sqq., Paris, 1864; F. Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, viii. 4 sqq., Stuttgart, 1874; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, iii. 2, pp. 7 sqq., Berlin, 1878; Piccolomini, in Archivio storica Italico, v. 32, 102-103, Florence, 1903; Bower, Popes, iii. 277-278.
Pius IV. (Giovanni Angelo Medici): Pope 1560- 1565. He was derived not from the Florentine Medici but from a Milanese family, was elected pope at the age of sixty years in Dec, 1559, and was enthroned as Pius IV. on Epiphany, 1560.
Unlike his predecessor Paul IV. (q.v.), whose