THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
logical Seminary, Va. (1854-55), and at Danville Theological Seminary, Ky. (1855-57); was pastor at Leavenworth, Kan. (1857-61); Sparta, Ga. (1862-65); Liberty, Va. (1866-67); organized Central Presbyterian Church, Washington, D. C, in 1868, and has since been its pastor. He was also professor of Biblical history and literature in Howard University in the same city (1876-90). He is the author of Ecce Deus Homo, published anonymously (Philadelphia, 1867); Christ, Teacher of Men (1877); The New Life not the Higher Life (1878); Confidence in Christ (1889); Manifold Ministry of the Holy Spirit (1894); and Predestination (1899).
PIUS, pai'us: The name of ten popes.
Pius I.: Bishop of Rome 140-155. According to the Muratorian Canon (q.v.) he was a brother of the Hermas who was the author of " The Shepherd." Tertullian (" Against Marcion," i. 19) declares that Marcion in the time of this pope went to Rome for the purpose of establishing his sect there. According to Irenaeus, Valentinus and the Syrian Cerdon were active there at the same time. Thus the pontificate of Pius I. was a stormy one. What part Pius took in these conflicts and controversies is not known, but one of the ablest of his champions and allies was Justin Martyr (q.v.). Pius I. was canonized and his festival is July 11.
(H. Bohmer.)
Bibliogeaphy: Sources are Irenaeus, Hcer., III., iii. 3, Eng. transl., ANF, i. 416; Eusebius, Hist, eccl, IV., xi., Eng. transl., NPATF, 2ser., i. 182 sqq.; Liber pontificalis, ed. Duchesne, i. 4-5, Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 14. Consult, Jaffe, Regesta, i. 7-8; Harnack, Litteratur, i. 789, ii. 1, pp. 70 sqq. (where literature on the lists of Roman bishops is fully given) ; J. Langen, Geschichte der rbmischen Kirche, i., iii. sqq., Bonn, 1881; Bower, Popes, i. 12-13; Platina, Popes, i. 27-29.
Pius II. (jEneas Silvius, Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini) : Pope 1458-64. He was born in Corsignano, the present Pienza (100 m. n.n.w. of Rome), Oct. 18, 1405. He studied at the University of Siena,
came under the spell of the penitential Early Life, appeal of Bernardino of Siena (1425),
and was with difficulty restrained from joining the Franciscan order. At Florence he began the study of law, in deference to his father's wishes, but against his own inclination; he was fortunate, however, in finding a position as secretary in the employment of the bishop of Fermo. The latter took him to the Council of Basel (q.v.), already under the shadow of suspension at the hand of Eugenius IV (1431). Like his master, whom Piccolomini before long exchanged for one offering higher pay, he joined the opposition; though leaving Basel and making a journey in the political service of Cardinal Albergati, first to the Netherlands, then to Scotland, and not returning to Basel until 1436. Though still a layman, Piccolomini soon managed to gain a certain esteem in connection with the council. His cleverness and rhetorical talent procured him the post of abbreviator, and caused him to be commissioned on various embassies. But when it was proposed to nominate him as conclavist in behalf of electing a successor to Eugenius IV., whom the council had pronounced to be deposed, he declined
this honor, as he wished to avoid consecration in order that he might still indulge in pleasures not permitted to the clergy. In the year 1438 or 1439, Piccolomini began his Commentarii on the Council of Basel; in 1440, he wrote the Libellus dialogorum de auctoritate consilii generalis. Wide prospects were disclosed to him when, in 1442, he attended the imperial diet at Frankfort as envoy. It was there that the bishops of Chiemsee and Treves recommended him to King Frederick III., who crowned him with the laurel, poet of scandalous verses though he was; and then took him into his own service as secretary. An index to his mood and frame of mind at that time is found in a letter addressed to his father from Vienna, Sept. 22, 1443. He asks him to receive in his home one of his own (Piccolomini's) illegitimate sons; and adds by way of excuse, that he, " of course, was no capon, nor did he belong to your cold natures," casting at his father the shameless comparison: " You know what sort of a chanticleer you were yourself." If, therefore, a " conversion " of Piccolomini is supposed to have occurred in the following year still this hindered him not from publishing so lascivious a tale as " Euryalus and Lucretia "; and the play Chrysis, of which one critic observes that it " shows brilliant wit and intimate familiarity with the indecencies and obscenities of the Roman poets, and is worthy to be produced in a brothel." And if he writes under date of Mar. 6, 1446: " I am a subdeacon; something I once thoroughly abhorred to be. Levity has left me," the latter acknowledgment need not be taken for very serious repentance. The mainspring rather appears in what he writes two days later: " I own to you, dearest brother, I am satiated, surfeited; 1 have grown disgusted with Venus Venus even shuns me more than I
abominate her." This is not the note of a penitential mood.
Simultaneously with his " conversion," as secretary of Frederick III. he changed the direction of his ecclesiastical statecraft. While Felix V. and the Council of Basel still regarded him as the advocate of their interests, he posed even in Vienna as one of the " neutrals," and as such openly Diplomacy, appeared at the Nuremberg diet of 1444. The resolution passed by this diet, that the status of " neutrality " should last till 1445, but that Pope Eugenius IV. should then be requested to convoke a new council, was conveyed to Rome by Piccolomini in person; and if, indeed, he did not there contrive to gain approval for his errand, he still gained the entire favor and pardon of Eugenius IV. as far as his own course was concerned. Thus the political variation was effectually reversed; while in order to set aside the animosity still prevalent in Germany he supported the king with all his diplomatic art. Nor was reward from Rome lacking. After Eugenius IV had appointed him papal secretary, there followed, upon his returning to Vienna subsequently to the papal election of 1447, his nomination as bishop of Trieste, and, in 1450, as bishop of Siena. At this time Piccolomini conceived a new " mission " for himself, designed to carry him still higher and to obliterate all disagreeable souvenirs of his Basel period. He