THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
merited old man, on Jan. 25, 1813, agreed to a concordat both surrendering Rome and voicing the confirmation of the bishops designated by the emperor, Cardinals Consalvi and Pacca, who hastened to the spot, succeeded in moving him to solemn retraction. Napoleon's own fate had meanwhile turned; the year 1814 gave the captive his freedom again; and on May 24 he triumphantly entered Rome. The restoration of the Jesuits and of the Congregation of the Index, together with Consalvi's activity at the Congress of Vienna, effectually reinstated the Roman Catholic Church both within and without; while by the terms of sundry favorable concordats, the pope guaranteed large advantages to the states of Central Europe.
At the close of his life, Pius VII. found himself once again involved in conflict, this time with Spain and Portugal. In that quarter, the revolution and the liberal government of 1820 had not only abolished the settlements of the Jesuits, but also those of most of the remaining orders, and ruptured diplomatic relations were the result. The French, however, suppressed the revolution, and King Ferdinand VII. proclaimed the abrogation of all acts against the Church (1823). This happened also in Portugal, where Dom Miguel, at the same time, put an end to liberalism.
The Rome of the second phase of the pontificate of Pius VII. became the goal of artists of all nations. Crowned heads, as well, sought the city, and the venerable pontiff was visited by Emperor Francis II. of Austria (1819) ; by the king of Naples; and by King Frederick William III. of Prussia, while Charles IV of Spain and Emanuel of Savoy made Rome their permanent residence. The city was thus enveloped with new splendor; and Pius VII., who died on Aug. 21, 1823, is commemorated still by that part of the Vatican sculpture museum which bears his name Chiaramonti. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: The bulls are in the Bullarii Romani continuatio of Barberi, vols, xi.-xv., Rome, 1846-53. Consult: Ranke, Popes, ii. 461 sqq., 466 sqq., 539 sqq.; E. Pistolesi, Vita del . Pio VII., 2 vols., Rome, 1824; H. Simon, Vie politique et privee de Pie VII., 2 vols.,
Paris, 1823; Jager, Lebensbeschreibung des Papstes Pius VII. mit Urkunden, Frankfort, 1824; A. F. Artaud de Montor, Hist, du pape Pie VII., 3 vols., Paris, 1839; B. Pacca, Historical Memoirs, 2 vols., London, 1850; idem, Memoires sur le pontificat de Pie VII., 2 vols., Paris, 1884; N. P. S. Wiseman, Recollections of the last Four Popes, London, 1858; A. Gavazzi, My Recollections of the last Four Popes, London, 1858; J. Bohl, Pius VII. en zijn Tijd, 2 vols., Rotterdam, 1861; F. Petrucelli della Gattina, Hist, diplomatique des conclaves, iv. 282 sqq., Paris, 1866; A. Theiner, Hist, des deux concordats de la republique francaise et de la republique cisalpine, 2 vols., Bar-le-Duc, 1869; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, hi. 2, pp. 665 sqq., Berlin, 1870; O. Mejer, Zur Geschichte der romisch-deutschen Frage, vols, i.-iii. passim, Rostock, 1871-73; D. Bertollotti, Vita di Papa Pio VII., Turin, 1881; F. H. Reusch, Index der verbotenen Biicher, vol. ii., Bonn, 1885; H. Chotard, Le Pape Pie VII. a Savone, Paris, 1887; Mary H. Allies, Pius VII., London, 1897; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, ii. 15-70, Berlin, 1901; L. Konig, Die Sakularisation und das Reichskonkordat, Innsbruck, 1904; H. Welschinger, Le Pape et I'empereur, 1804-15, Paris, 1905; Nielsen, Papacy; Nippold, Papacy, passim; Pastor, Popes, viii. 299; Bower, Popes, iii. 419-434; and the literature under Concordats and Delimiting Bulls.
Pius VIII. (Francesco Saverio Castiglioni) : Pope 1829-30. He was born at Cingoli (102 m. e.s.e. of
Florence) Nov. 20, 1761. The principal event of his brief pontificate was the Emancipation Act of Apr. 23 [13], 1829, in favor of English Catholics, though this did not have the pope's cooperation. In the case of the contest just then breaking out with the Prussian government, Pius VIII. allowed the clerical assistentia passiva, where there was no guaranty for the bringing up of all the children as Roman Catholics. This concession was revoked by his successor. When the Bourbons were expelled from France in the July revolution, and Louis Philippe was instituted king, the pope reluctantly acknowledged the reversal. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: The bulls are in the Bullarii Romani continuatio of Barberi, vol. xviii., Rome, 1856; for the Brief of Mar. 25, 1830, cf. Mirbt, Quellen, pp. 350 sqq. Consult: A. F. Artaud de Montor, Hist, du pape Pie VIII., Paris, 1844; A. Gavazzi, My Recollections of the last Four Popes, London, 1858; N. P. S. Wiseman, Recollections of the last Four Popes, London, 1858; M. Brosch, Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, ii. 316 sqq., Gotha, 1882; F. H. Reusch, Index der verbotenen Biicher, vol. ii. passim, Bonn, 1885; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, ii. 79 sqq., Berlin, 1901; Bower, Popes, iii. 464-470; Nippold, Papacy, passim; Nielsen, Papacy, passim.
Pius IX. (Giovanni Mastai Ferretti): Pope 1846- 1878. He was born at Sinigaglia (70 m. s.e. of Ravenna) May 13, 1792. He studied in the Collegium Romanum, was made priest, and labored for several years in Chile. In 1827 he became bishop of Spoleto, then of Imola, and obtained the cardinalate in 1840. Elected by 34 (37 ?) votes, in the conclave following the death of Gregory XVI., Pius IX. found himself confronted with extremely difficult tasks. The administration of the Papal States (q.v.) had everywhere aroused the utmost dissatisfaction; and the cities of the eastward half — Ancona, Bologna, and Ravenna — clamored for reforms. The pope's character and presence appeared to warrant such progress, and it was hoped that he might even assist in the unification of the entire nation, which was demanded on every side.
Good will for the amelioration of existing conditions attended him from the outset. He curtailed the expenses of the papal court, though in connection with the civil administration he could not persuade himself to break with the system according to which the governing officials were to belong almost without exception to the clerical body. He refused the patriots' demand for some action toward eliminating the Austrians from the Italian peninsula, resolving not to declare war on Austria, although his troops were already united with the Piedmont troops; but, in his address of Apr. 29, 1848, he took shelter behind the pronouncement that " conformably to our apostolic rank, we embrace all nations with like love."
Though it proved not feasible to laicize the administration of public affairs throughout the Papal States, in Rome the lay element was to be more strongly represented in the common council; some non-clerics also took seats in the council of state (consulta). This did not meet the impetuous demand for a constitution and for institution of secular ministers. Yet on May 4, 1848, upon adjustment of the membership of the Consulta in the proportion of six laymen to three clerics, a patriotic president of council was accepted in the person of