THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ii. 2, pp. 176-238, 3 vols., Regensburg, 1862-79; F. Dahn, Verfassung der Westgoten, pp. 473-490, Wiirzburg, 1S70; A. Ebert, Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelulters, i. 750- 751, Leipsic, 1874; P. von Wengen, Julian, Erzbischof von Toledo, St. Gall, 1891; R. Hanow, De Juliana Toletano, Jena, 1891; DNB, iii. 477-481 (exhaustive).
PONCE DE LEON, LUIS DE. See Leon, Luis de.
POND, ENOCH: Congregationalist; b. at Wrentham, Mass,-, July 29, 1791; d. at Bangor, Me., Jan. 21, 1882. He was graduated from Brown University (1813), studied theology under Nuthanael Emmons (q.v.), was licensed (1814), and ordained pastor of the Congregational Church in Ward (now Auburn), Mass. (1815). He was editor of The Spirit of the Pilgrims (Boston), an orthodox religious monthly which played an important part in the Unitarian controversy (1828-32); professor of systematic theology in the Bangor Theological Seminary (1832-58); professor of ecclesiastical history, lecturer on pastoral theology, and president from 1858 till his death. He was active in the building up of the institution and was a voluminous writer. Among his works are: Christian Baptism (Boston, 1817); Morning of the Reformation (1842); The Mather Family (1844); Swedenborgianism Examined (New York, 1861); The Ancient Church (1851) Lectures on Pastoral Theology (Andover, 1866) Lectures on Christian Theology (Boston, 1868) and A History of God's Church from its Origin to the Present Times (Hartford, 1871).
PONTIANUS: Pope probably from July 21, 230, to Sept. 28, 235. During his pontificate the circular letter of Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, condemning Origen, was approved by a synod at Rome (see Origen; and Origenistic Controversies). Pontianus, together with the antipope Hippolytus, was exiled to Sardinia under the persecution of Maximinus Thrax, where he resigned.
(A. Harnack.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, vol. i., Paris, 1886, ed. T. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 24-25; Hamack, Geschichte, i. 648, ii. 1, pp. 107 sqq.; Bower, Popes, i. 22-23; Platina, Popes, i. 43-45; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 80.
PONTIFICAL: In the literal sense of the term, all that pertains to the bishop, especially his vestments and those functions that he alone may perform; more specifically, the term applied by the Roman Catholic Church to the book containing the ritual of those rites which may be celebrated only by bishops or by priests especially delegated by them to act as their representatives. At an early period the Roman Catholic Church took particular pains to prevent any deviations in specifically episcopal functions from the forms usual at Rome; and on Feb. 10, 1596, the new Pontificale Romanum was approved, while at the same time all previous pontificals were declared to be superseded. Since, however, this edition was not free from errors, Urban VIII. ordered a new official edition (June 17, 1644) which should be the definitive model for all subsequent copies. The Pontifical was enlarged by Benedict XIV in 1752. The standard edition authorized by Leo XIII. is entitled Pontificale Romanum a Benedicto XIV et Leone XIII. recognitum et castigatum (Regensbunr, 1898). The Pontifical con-
sists of two parts, the first part containing those rites which relate to persons, and the second those which relate to things. E. Sehling.
PONTOPPIDAN, pen-tep'pi-dan, ERIK: Danisk bishop; b. at Aarhus (on the eastern shore of Jutland) Aug. 24, 1698; d. at Copenhagen Dec. 20 1764. He was educated at Fredericia (1716-18) after which he was a private tutor in Norway, and then studied in Holland, and at London and Oxford, England. In 1721 he became informator of Frederick Carl of Carlstein (later duke of Plbn) and two years later morning preacher in the castle and afternoon preacher at Nordborg. From 1726 to 1734 he was pastor at Hagenberg, where he so protected the pietists as to find it advisable to defend his course against the Lutherans with Dialogus; oder Unterredung Severi, Sinceri, und Simplicis von der Religion und Reinheit der Lehre (1726) and Heller Glaubensspiegel (1727). During this same period he laid the foundation of his later topographical and historical works in Memoria Hafnice (1729); Theatrum Daniw (1736); and Kurzgefasste Reformationshistorie der ddnischen Kirche. Pontoppidan became successively pastor at Hillerod and castle preacher at Frederiksborg (1734), Danish court preacher at Copenhagen (1735), professor extraordinary of theology at the University (1738), and a member of the mission board (1740), meanwhile writing his Everriculum fermenti veteris (1736) and Bose Sprichworter (1739).
In 1736 Pontoppidan was directed by royal rescript to prepare an explanation of the catechism and a new hymnal, and through these two works — Wahrheit zur Gottesfurcht (1737) and the hymnbook (1740) — the pietistic cause in Denmark received powerful assistance. He likewise continued his historical investigations in his Marmora Danica (3 vols., 1739^1; a collection of noteworthy epitaphs and ecclesiastical monuments) and his uncritical Annates ecclesim Danicai (4 vols., 1741-52); and also wrote a novel, Menoza (3 vols., 1742—43), a critique of the religious conditions of Denmark and other countries. In 1747 he was appointed bishop at Bergen, where he introduced many educational reforms, and wrote Glossarium Norvagicum (1749) and Versuch einer natilrlichen Geschichte Norwegens (Copenhagen, 1752-53), while his pastoral letters formed in part the basis of his later Collegium pastorale practicum (1757). The antagonism which Pontoppidan roused at Bergen, however, obliged him to go in 1754 to Copenhagen, where he became prochancellor at the university in the following year. But all his plans in this capacity were thwarted by his opponents, and he sought consolation in writing, the results being his Origines Hafnienses (1760) and the first two parts of his Den danske Atlas (1763-67), of which the last five volumes were edited posthumously. He was also active as a political economist, being the editor of Danmarks og Norges okonomiske Magazin (8 vols., 1757-64). (F. Nielsen!-)
Bibliography: The literature (in Danish) is indicated in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xv. 551.
POOLE, MATTHEW: B. at York, Eng., 1624; educated at Emmanuel College, in Cambridge; he