RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Ratrwenhoff Raymond
in 1837 he succeeded Lacordaire as preacher of Notre Dame. He was considered one of the greatest preachers of his time, vehement in pathos, trenchant in irony, audacious but compelling in argument. In 1848 he retired to his convent on account of illhealth. He published De I 'existence et de Vinstitute des jesuites (Paris, 1844; 10th ed., 1901), and Clement XIII. et Clement XIV (2 vols., 1854).
Bibliography: A. de Ponlevoy, Vie du R. P. Xavier de Ravignan, 2 vols., Paris, 1860, Eng. transl., Life of Father Ravignan, New York, 1869; J. Poujoulat, Le Pere Ravignan, Paris, 1859.
RAWLINSON, re'lin-sun, GEORGE: Church of England, commentator and orientalist; b. at Chadlington (14 m. n.w. of Oxford), Oxfordshire, Nov. 23, 1812; d. at Canterbury Oct. 6, 1902. He entered Trinity College, Oxford (B.A., 1838; M.A., Exeter College, 1841); was ordained deacon 1841, and priest 1842; was fellow of Exeter College, 1840-46; tutor, 1842- 1846; sub-rector, 1844-45; curate of Merton, Oxfordshire, 1846-47; classical moderator at Oxford, 1852-54; public examiner, 1855-57, 1868-69, 1875-79; Bampton lecturer, 1859; Camden professor of ancient history, Oxford, 1861-89; proctor for the chapter in convocation of Canterbury, 1873- 1898; after 1872 canon of Canterbury; and after 1888 rector of All Hallows, Lombard Street.
His publications were, commentaries on Joshua, I and II Kings, I and II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther (London, 1873), in The Bible (Speaker' s) Commentary; on Exodus (1882) in An Old Testament Commentary by C. J. Ellicott; and on Exodus (1882), II Kings (1889), Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther (1880), Job (1892), Isaiah (1886-87), and Psalms (1896), in The Pulpit Commentary. He was the editor of History of Herodotus, with copious notes and appendices, in collaboration with Henry Rawlinson and J. G. Wilkinson (4 vols., London, 1858-60; with notes abridged by A. J. Grant, 2 vols., 1897); The Historical Evidences of the Truth of the Scripture Records (Bampton lectures for 1S59; 1859); The Contrasts of Christianity with Heathen and Jewish Systems (1861); The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World (4 vols., 1862-67); The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy (1873), The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy (1876), the last three frequently republished and reprinted collectively under the title The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World; A Manual of Ancient History (e. g., New York, 1889); Historical Illustrations of the Old Testament (London, 1871); St. Paul in Damascus and Arabia (1877); The History of Ancient Egypt (2 vols., 1881); The Religions of the Ancient World (1882); Egypt and Babylon from Scripture and Profane Sources (1884); Bible Topography (1886); Ancient Egypt (1887); Phamicia (1889), and Parthia (1893), in The Story of the Nations series; Ancient History (1887); Moses, His Life and Times (1887), The Kings of Israel and Judah (1889), Isaac and Jacob (1890), and Ezra and Nehemiah (1891), in The Men of the Bible series; and The History of Phoenicia (1889).
RAWNSLEY, rens'li, HARDWICKE DRUM- MOND: Church of England; b. at Henley-on- Thames (23 m. s.e. of Oxford) Sept. 28, 1850. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1875), and was ordered deacon in 1875 and ordained priest two years later. He was curate of St. Barnabas, Bristol (1875-78); vicar of Low Wray, Lancastershire (1878-83); vicar of Crosthwaite, Keswick, Cumberland (since 1883); and has also been rural dean of Keswick and honorary canon of Carlisle since 1893. He has written Book of Bristol Sonnets (London, 1877) ; Sonnets at the English Lakes (1881) ; Sonnets round the Coast (1887); Edward Thring, Teacher and Poet (1889) ; Poems, Ballads, and Bucolics (1890) ; St. Kentigern of Crosthwaite and St.
Herbert of Derwentwater (3d ed., Keswick, 1892); Notes for the Nile: Hymns of Ancient Egypt (1892); Valete Tennyson, and other Poems (1893); Idylls and Lyrics of the Nile (1894) ; Literary Associations of the English Lakes (2 vols., 1894) ; Ballads of Brave Deeds (1896); Harvey Goodwin, Bishop of Carlisle : A Biographical Memoir (1896); Henry Whitehead, 1825-96: Memorial Sketch (Glasgow, 1897); Sayings of Jesus: Six Village Sermons on the Papyrus Fragment (1897); Life and Nature at the English Lakes (1899) ; Sonnets in Switzerland and Italy (London, 1899); Ballads of the War (1900); Memories of the Tennysons (Glasgow, 1900); Ruskin and the English Lakes (1901); A Rambler's Note-Book at the English Lakes (1902) ; Lake Country Sketches (1903) ; Flower-Time in the Oberland (1904) ; Venerable Bede, his Life and Work (London, 1904); Sermons on the Logia (2 series, 1905); Months at the Lakes (1906); A Sonnet Chronicle, 1900-05 (1906); Round the Lake Country (1909); and Poems at Home and Abroad (1909). He also edited a collection of sermons under the title of Christ for To-Day (London, 1885).
RAYMOND, MARTINI: Spanish Dominican and rabbinical scholar of the thirteenth century. He was a native of Catalonia, and was in 1250 one of eight monks appointed to make a study of oriental languages with the purpose of carrying on a mission to Jews and Moors. In 1264 he was one of the company appointed by the king of Aragon to examine Jewish manuscripts in order to strike out from them any matter assailing Christianity. He worked in Spain as a missionary, and also for a short time in Tunis. A document bearing his signature and dated July, 1284, shows that he was at that time still living.
Raymond's refutation of the Koran is lost. There is at Bologna a manuscript of his Capistrum Judozorum, aimed at the errors of the Jews; and at Tortosa a manuscript containing Explanatio simboli apostolorum ad institutionemfidelium has a marginal note that it was edited by " afratre Ro Martini de ordine predicatorum." The great work with which Raymond's name is associated is his Pugio fidei, on which he was still at work in 1278. This work was used by Hieronymus de Sancta Fide in his Hebrwomastix and elsewhere, was plagiarized by Petrus Galatinus, and was one of the credited sources of Victor Porchet's Victoria adversus impios Ebreos (Paris, 1520). About 1620 Bishop Bosquet discovered in the Collegium Fuxense a manuscript of the Pugio, and from this and three other manuscripts Joseph de Voisin edited the work with numerous learned annotations (Paris, 1651; edited again with introduction by J. B. Carpzov, Leipsic, 1687). The first part treats of God and divine omniscience, creation, immortality, and resurrection from the dead; the second and third parts are devoted to refutation of the Jews. The second and third parts are still of value for missions, and also for science since there are numerous correctly cited quotations from the Talmud, Midrashic works, and other early Jewish literature. Among these cited works is the Bereshith Rabba major or magna, a work in part derived from the Yesodh of Moses ha-Darshan. In his use of this work the only charge that can be
Raymond Recluse