THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
of our original powers " (Intellectual Powers, essay vi., chap, iv.). These are axioms, first principles, principles of common sense, common notions, selfevident truths. His third position was reached when he entered the domain of morals, and maintained, in reference to knowledge of moral truths, that there " must be in morals, as in other sciences, first principles which do not derive their evidence from any antecedent principles, but may be said to be intuitively discerned " (Intellectual Powers, vii. 2). In treating of judgment as the ruling power in mind, he distinguished two functions: to reason, and to recognize first principles apart from reasoning. " Yvre ascribe to reason two offices or two degrees. The first is to judge of things self-evident; the second is to draw conclusions that are not self-evident from those that are. The first of these is the province, and the sole province, of common sense; and therefore it coincides with reason in its whole extent " (Intellectual Powers, vi. 2).
Bibliography: Reid's Works, ed. D. Stewart, with Life, were published, 4 vols., Edinburgh, 1S04, New York, 1822; with notes by G. N. Wright, 2 vols., London, 1S43; with preface, notes, etc., by Sir William Hamilton, Edinburgh, 1846, 1858, reissued and ed., H. Mansel, ib. 1863. On the life of Reid, besides D. Stewart, Account of the Life and Writings of Thomas Reid, independently, Edinburgh, 1803, and prefixed to most of the editions of the Works, consult: A. C. Fraser, Thomas Reid, Edinburgh, 1898; DNB, xlvii. 436^39. On his philosophy consult: J. Priestley, An Examination of Dr. Reid's Inquiry into the Human Mind, London, 1774; [A. Lyall], A Review of the Principles of Necessary and Contingent Truth in Reference chiefly to the Doctrines of Hume and Reid, London, 1830; V. Cousin, Philosophie morale: ecole ecossaise, Paris, 1840; A. Gamier, Critique de la philosophie de T Reid, Paris, 1840; P. H. Mabire, Philosophique de T Reid. Extraite de ses ouvrages, avec une vie de Vauteur et un essai sur la philosophie ecossaise, Paris, 1844; T. Brown, Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind, 20th ed., London, 1S60; F. D. Maurice, Modern Philosophy, London, 1862; J. MeCosh, Scottish Philosophy, New York, 1874; L. Stephen, Hist, of English Thought in the 18th Century, 2 vols., New York, 1881; L. Dauriac, Le Realisme de Reid, Paris, 1890; M. Kappes, Der "Common Sense " als Princip der Gewissheit in der Philosophie des Schotten Thomas Reid, Munich, 1890; G. Seth, Scottish Philosophy, 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1890; and the discussions in the works on the history of philosophy.
REID, WILLIAM JAMES: United Presbyterian ; b. at South Argyle, Washington County, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1834; d. at Pittsburg, Pa., Sept. 22, 1902. He was graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., 1855, and at Allegheny Theological Seminary, Pa., 1862; was pastor at Pittsburg from 1862; principal clerk of the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church after 1875; and corresponding secretary of the United Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, 1868-72. He was the author of Lectures on the Revelation (Pittsburg, 1878); and United Presbyterianism (1881).
REIFF, rif (BEIER, BEYER), LEONHARD:
German Reformer; b. at Munich c. 1495; d. at Kiistrin (17 m. n.e. of Frankfort>on-the-Oder) shortly after 1552. He was educated at Wittenberg (1514- 1516), and, after entering the Augustinian order, was taken by Luther to the disputation at Heidelberg to defend his teacher's doctrines in forty theses (Apr. 25, 1518). In the autumn of the same year he accompanied Luther to Augsburg, and on Oct.
7 notified Cardinal Cajetan of Luther's arrival, while after the latter's departure, he presented the cardinal with the Reformer's appeal to the pope (Oct. 20). In 1522 Reiff was sent to Munich with the theses of the Wittenberg Augustinians, only to be placed in close confinement. Liberated at the beginning of 1525, he returned to Wittenberg, whence Luther sent him to Guben in Niederlausitz, where as pastor, he combated libertinism and endeavored to establish order and morality. In 1531 he resigned his pastorate at Guben, and in the following year was appointed pastor and superintendent at Zwickau. Here his advocacy of the Wittenberg system involved him in many controversies, though he enjoyed the complete confidence of Luther and the elector. In 1538 he, together with Jonas and Spalatin, made a formal visitation at Freiberg, where Reiff remained some time to establish Protestantism. Four years later John Frederick, elector of Saxony, took him with him as a field chaplain in the campaign against Henry of Brunswick, and in 1544 he accompanied the same prince to the Diet of Speyer. When, in 1547, Zwickau passed into the possession of Maurice of Saxony, who made concessions to the emperor regarding the Interim, Reiff resigned and went to the court of Hans, margrave of Brandenburg, at Kiistrin, being made pastor of Kottbus (1552) and perhaps superintendent of Kiistrin, and during these latter years signalized himself as an opponent of the teachings of Osiander.
G. BOSSERT. Bibliography: Sources to be used are the letters of Luther, ed. De Wette and Seidemann, 6 vols., Berlin, 1S25-56, and other editions (see under Luther). Consult: G. Bossert, in Jahrbuch fur brandenburgische Kirchenoeschichte, i. 50 sqq.; G. Buchwald, in Neue sachsische Galerie, Ephorie Zwickau, Leipsic, 1904.
REIHING, rai'hing, JAKOB: German Lutheran; b. at Augsburg Jan. 6, 1579; d. at Tubingen May 5, 1628. He was educated at the Jesuit University of Ingolstadt, and in 1597 became a novice in the Society of Jesus. He taught at Munich and Ingolstadt until 1613, when he was transferred to Dillingen. In the same year he was professed and was then appointed chaplain to the count palatine, Wolfgang Wilhelm, whose conversion to the Roman Catholic faith he justified in his Muri civitatis sanetoe, hoc est religionis Catholicas fundamenta duodecim (Cologne, 1615), Excubim evangelical civitatis sanctoe (1617), and his German Enchiridion Catholicum. Reining gave valuable assistance to the count palatine in the Counter-Reformation in Pfalz-Neuburg, but his own convictions were changed by the sturdy Protestantism of the artizans, by his study of the Bible, and by reading Luther's Postils. On Jan. 15, 1621, he fled to Stuttgart, where he was examined for four days, after which he was sent to Tubingen. There, on Nov. 23, 1621, he formally renounced his former faith, publishing his reasons in his Laquei ponlificii contriti (Tubingen, 1621). The Roman Catholics sought to win him back by flattering promises, but when these failed, they attacked him with unfounded charges and with scurrilous pamphlets. Reihing was now appointed assistant professor of polemics at Tubingen, where he became full professor of theology, as well as superintendent of the theological seminary, in ](V_\>.