THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
opinion is still divided regarding them. Neither a statesman of the church nor a polemic theologian, Sailer's aim was rather the internal reform of his communion and the revival of confidence and faith in the Roman Catholic Church. In this he was successful, while as a prelate he manfully combated the contracting of mixed marriages, and through his influence a school of priests was trained both for Germany and for Switzerland who united theological and secular learning with deep moral earnestness. It ma}-, in a word, be said that Sailer stands for Roman Catholicism before the rise of Ultramontanism. His collected works were edited by J. Widmer (40 vols., Sulzbach, 1830-41; supplementary volume, 1845). Cabl Mirbt.
Bibliography: An account of Sailer's life by himself is reprinted in his Werke (ut sup.), xxxix. 257 sqq., from F. J. Waitzenegger's Gelehrten- und Schriftstellerlexikon, ii. 189- 213, Landshut, 1S29. Biographies have been written by: E. von Schenk, Regensburg, 1838; F. W. Bodemann, Gotha, 1856; G. Aichinger, Freiburg, 1865; and J. A. Messmer, Mannheim, 1876. Consult further: A. Liitolf, Leben und Bekenntnisse des J. L. Schiffmann, Lucerne, 1860; M. Jocham, Dr. Alois Buchner, Augsburg, 1870; H. Schmid, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche Deutschlands, pp. 257-314, Munich, 1874; J. H. Reinkens, M. von Diepenbrock, Leipsic, 1881; F. Nielsen, Aus dem inneren Leben der katholischen Kirche im 19. J ahrhundert, i. 287— 344, Carlsruhe, 1882; J. N. von Ringseis, Erinnerungen, 2 vols., Amberg, 1886; J. Friedrich, Ignaz von Dollinger, Munich, 1899; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, i. 519 sqq., Berlin, 1901; A. Bruck, Geschichte der katholischen Kirche im 19. J ahrhundert, 2 vols., Mainz and Monster, 1902-03; KL, x. 1536 sqq.; ADB, xxx. 17S-192.
SAINT ALBANS: A town of Hertfordshire, twenty miles northwest of London, the seat of a bishopric, with a population of 16,109 (1901). It derives its name from Saint Alban of Verulam (q.v.), the Roman town of Verulamium. The cathedral was founded in 1077, and was restored in the nineteenth century. Names connected with the place are Matthew of Paris, Sir John Mandeville, Pope Adrian IV., and Lord Bacon.
Bibliography: A. E. Gibbs, Historical Records of St. Albans, St. Albans, 1888; C. H. Ashdown, St. Albans, Historical and Picturesque, ib. 1896; idem, The City of St. Albans, London, 1907; D. W. Barrett, Sketches of Church Life in the Diocese of St. Albans, ib. 1902; T. Perkins, The Cathedral Church of St. Albans, ib. 1903.
SAINT CYRAN. See Du Vergier, Jean.
SAINT GALL, sent gal or san gal, MONASTERY OF.
Origin (§ 1).
Early Services to Learning (§ 2).
Increasing Secularization (§ 3).
The Reformation (§ 4).
The Closing Struggle (§5).
Ths Benedictine monastery of St. Gall, celebrated for centuries as a center of learning, and situated in the Swiss town of the same name (19 m. s.e. of Constance), took its rise from a hermitage established, probably in 613, by St. Gallus, a disciple of Columban (q.v.), with a few companions. It would seem, however, even from the legend-filled life of the founder, written toward the end
i. Origin, of the eighth century, that his personal activity was of only secondary importance, since he is represented .is an anchorite rather than as the " apostle of the Alcmanni "; and the Christian element was already so strong that he
had no lack of associates and support. It was but seldom that he could be induced to leave his cell, and before many years he died on Oct. 16, probably about 627. After this the hermitage continued to exist uneventfully until the first half of the eighth century, when the real history of the monastery of St. Gall began with the first abbot, Otmar (720- 759), who, in 747 or 748, substituted the rule of St. Benedict for that of St. Columban, and likewise replaced the Irish monks with his own compatriots, the Rhaetians. Gifts of money and land were made from far and near; but, on the other hand, the independence of the monastery had to be surrendered, and it came under the control of the bishop of Constance, Otmar's resistance exposing him to ecclesiastical censure and the secular arm, so that he died a prisoner on the little island of Werd in the Rhine (Nov. 16, 759). In 816 the monastery was made exempt from episcopal control by Louis the Pious, and in 854 its annual payment of a tax to Constance, the last remnant of its dependence upon the see, was abolished.
Abbot Gozbert, elected by the monks themselves (probably in 816), was the first of the long series of abbots of St. Gall whose interests embraced the whole intellectual culture of the period. In 830 Gozbert commenced the entire reconstruction of
the monastery, beginning with a larger
2. Early church to replace one erected appar-
Services to ently by Otmar. A plan of a great
Learning. Benedictine abbey with all accessories
was drawn in Italy especially for St. Gall, although the topography forbade its entire acceptance; and this plan, still preserved at St. Gall (ed. F. Keller, Bauriss des Klosters St. Gallen vom Jahr 820, Zurich, 1844), constitutes one of the most important documents of the early Middle Ages for architecture and culture-history. Gozbert likewise provided for the increase of the library, and under his successor, Grimald (841-872), the first catalogue, listing some 400 books, was drawn up. There was likewise a flourishing school, dating back to Otmar and now consisting of a division for the training of the future regular clergy and one for the education of secular priests and laymen. Close relations were also maintained with the institutions established by Alcuin, as well as with Fulda, and especially with Reichenau. St. Gall's rich historical literature began, during the abbacy of Gozbert, with a Vita Sancti Galli by the monk Wettinus, who died in 824 (ed. MGH, Script, ii., 1829, pp. 1-21), followed by the two works, revised by Walafrid, of Gozbert's nephew, who bore the same name: Miraculi Sancti Galli and Vita Sancti Otmari abbatis Sangallensis (ed. MGH, Script., ii., 1829, pp. 21-31, 40-47). In like manner Iso (d. 871) wrote a Miracula Sancti Otmari (ed. MGH, Script, ii. 1829, pp. 47-54); and Ratpert (d. probably shortly after 884), distinguished as a teacher, a poet (even in German), and a historian, began the great history of the monastery, the Casus Sancti Galli (ed., with its, continuations, MGH, Script-, ii., 1829, pp. 75-183). To the succeeding generation of monks belong Notker the Stammerer (see Notker, 1) and Tuotilo, as well as such abbots as Solomon III. (d. 920) and Hartmann (d. 925). The