THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
1633; and the theological attainments of Abbot Celestine, Count Sfondrati of Milan (1687-96), were so great as to win him the cardinal's hat.
The last century of the monastery's existence opened with the stormy period of the last great civil war in Switzerland (1712), brought on mainly by the confessional divisions and the demagogic agitations among the Toggenburg vassals of the abbey. The Protestants conquered, 5. The to the detriment of the monastery, and Closing it was only after the death of the stern Struggle. Abbot Leodegar Biirgisser (1697- 1717) that St. Gall had peace. But in succeeding years the abbey resumed its honored career, so that Abbot Celestine Gugger (1740-67) could carry out extensive architectural plans, not only constructing the imposing granary in Rorschach, but also rebuilding the monastery itself, especially the late renaissance church on the site of the venerable medieval structure, and the refectory. The next abbot, Beda Angehrn, sought to introduce reforms in school and prison, but weak economic administration plunged the monastery into financial difficulties, and the abbot had to encounter strong opposition from the younger monks, and later» even from the older ones, though he emerged from t^ie struggle triumphant, thanks to the aid of tiie Confederation. The succeeding abbacy of Pancratius Vorster was likewise marked by storm, and though the literary treasures of the monastery were saved both from the French Revolution and from the greed of the municipality, and though the abbot returned to his abbey with the victorious imperial troops in 1799, the second battle of Zurich forced him again to flee, and the doom of St. Gall was foreshadowed. The abbot fought bravely to regain his rights, but in 1805 the suppression of the monastery was decreed. Even the troublous times that came upon Switzerland after Napoleon's fall could not aid Pancratius, who died in the monastery of Muri in 1829. The plan of a diocese of St. Gall, thwarted in great part by the attitude assumed by Abbot Pancratius, was later realized; and after the existence of the double bishopric of Chur and St. Gall (1823-44), the latter received independent diocesan rank in 1844. At the suppression in 1805 the property of the foundation was divided between the whole canton and its Roman Catholic portion, the former receiving the palace as a government building, and the latter the treasures of the library and archives, which, after many vicissitudes, had been regained in 1804. The monastery itself, after being used as a spinning factory from 1801 to 1808, was made a Roman Catholic gymnasium. (G. Meyer von Knonau.)
Bibliography: The chief sources are collected in MGH, Script., vols, i.-ii., and MGH, Libri confraternitatum S. Galli (1884). Collections of sources of especial value are to be found in the Mittheilungen and other publications of the St. Gall Historischer Verein, 1862 sqq. Other sources are: E. L. Dummler, Formelbuch des Bischofs Salomo III., Leipsic, 1857; H. Wartmann, Urkundenbuck der Abtei St. Gotten, parts i.-iii., Zurich, 1863-82. Consult: I. von Arx, Geschichte des Cantons St. Gallen, 3 vols., St. Gall, 1810- 1813 (still the best special history on any part of Switzerland); F. Weidmann, Geschichte St. Gallen unter den zween letzten Fiirstnbten, ib. 1834; idem, Geschichte der Bibliothek von St. Gallen, ib. 1841 (both based on Arx); F \V Rettberg, Observations ad vitam S. Galli spectantes,
Marburg, 1842; A. Schubiger, Die S&ngerschule St. Gatlens, Einsiedeln, 1858; J. H. A. Ebrard, Iro-schottische Missions- Kirche des 6. bis 8. Jahrhunderts, Gutersloh, 1873; J. R. Rahn, Geschichte der bildenden Kunste in der Schweiz, Zurich, 1876; F. X. Wetzel, Die Wissenschaft und Kunst im Kloster St. Gallen im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert, Lindau, 1877; G. Meier, in Jahrbuch fur schweizerische Geschichte, x (1885) (a good history of the school in the Middle Ages) ; J. Bachtold, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur in der Schweiz, Frauenfeld, 1892; E. Egli, Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz, Zurich, 1893; L. Knappert, La Vie de S. Gall et le paganisme germanique, Paris, 1894; Ziegler, Abt Othmar II. von St. Gallen, St. Gall, 1896; F. L. Wetzel, Das goldene Zeitalter des Klosters St. Gallen, Ravensburg, 1900; H. Miles, Die Chronik des Hermann Miles von St. Gall, St. Gall, 1903; A. Scheiwiler, Abt Ulrich Rbsch der zweite Grunder des Klosters St. Gallen, 1463-91, ib. 1903; Beitrage zur St. Gallischen Geschichte, ib. 1904; the KD, of Hauck, Friedrich, and Rettberg respectively; KL, v. 43-66.
SAINT JOHN, KNIGHTS OF. See Military Religious Orders.
SAINT-MARTIN, san-mar-tan', LOUIS CLAUDE DE: French mystic; b. at Amboise Jan. 18, 1743; d. at Paris Oct. 13, 1803. After studying law, he entered the army and at Bordeaux became acquainted with a Portuguese Jew named Martinez de Pasqualis, whose freemasonry increased St. Martin's tendency to mysticism. At Lyons and Paris St. Martin communicated, in mysterious phraseology and ceremony, his " revelation " on God, the spirit world, the fall, and original sin. Among his hearers was a Count d'Hauterive, on whom St. Martin tried all sorts of experiments at Lyons (1774-76) to gain fellowship with the Logos. Meanwhile, he gradually withdrew from Pasqualis and his followers, formed a cautious friendship with Cagliostro, and read Swedenborg. At this period he published his first work, under the pseudonym of " un philosophe inc(onnu)," Des erreurs et de la verite, ou les hommes rappelles au principe universel de la science (Lyons, 1775), a book which aroused the anger of Voltaire.
To propagate his views St. Martin now removed to Paris, where he moved in aristocratic circles, writing his emanational tenets in his Tableau naturel des rapports qui existent entre Dieu, Vhomme et I'univers (Lyons [ostensibly Edinburgh], 1782). His travels gained him new acquaintances. In England he met William Law and Best; he accompanied Prince Gallitzin to Italy in 1787; in 1788 he resided in Montbeliard with Duchess Dorothea of Wurttemberg. Until 1791 he lived in Strasburg, where he studied the writings of Jacob Bohme, but in the latter year his father's illness forced him to return to Amboise, where his theories found little sympathy. To this period of his career belong his L 'Homme de desir (Lyons, 1790), Ecce homo (Paris, 1792), and Le Nouvel Homme (1792).
St. Martin's last close friendship was formed with Baron Kirchberger of Bern, through whom he was kept informed of mystic movements abroad during the French Revolution. This latter upheaval was greeted by him with joy, and after being appointed tutor, with Condorcet, Sieyes, and Bernardin de St. Pierre, to the Dauphin in 1791, he became one of his jailers two years later. St. Martin himself was later imprisoned and exiled to Amboise. Before long, however, he was sent back to Paris as a teacher