THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
(1724) ; the Diarium Italicum of Montfaucon (1702), and his Bibliotheca bibliothecarum manuscriptorum nova (2 vols., 1739).
In the field of church history, their first noted work was the continuation and revision of the Gallia Christiana originally published by a Benedictine not connected with the Maurists, Dom de Sainte-
Marthe, in 1656. They carried it on
Contribu- from Sainte-Marthe's death in 1725 to
tions to 1785, by which time thirteen volumes
Church had appeared, forming a model on
History and which similar works for other coun-
Patristics. tries have since been planned. The
work was taken up anew in 1856 (16 vols., Paris, 1715-1865, vols. xiv.,-xvi. by B. Haureau). The history of the martyrs was treated by Dom Ruinart in his Acta primorum martyrum (1689) . Much was done in the way of editing primitive liturgies; the best-known works in this department are Menard's Sacramentary of St. Gregory (1642), Mabillons De liturgia Gallicana (1685), Martene's De antiquis monachorum ritibus (2 vols., 1700 sqq.), and De antiquis ecclesia ritibus (4 vols., 1700 sqq.). In this connection may be mentioned the Acta sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti, begun by D'Achery and continued by Mabillon and Ruinart (9 vols., 1668 sqq.), and the Annates ordinis S. Benedicti, Mabillon's most famous work, completed by Massuet (6 vols., 1703 sqq.). The most enduring service rendered by the congregation was its editions of ecclesiastical writers of the early Church and of the Middle Ages, which are remarkable monuments of scholarship, distinguished by enlightened criticism, careful translation from the Greek, and admirable introductions and excursuses. They originally contemplated only the publication of medieval writers, principally those of their own order. The first was the Concordia regularum of Benedict of Aniane, edited by Menard (1628). But the general favor shown to these editions, the wish to put thoroughly good texts into the hands of their novices, and the wealth of manuscripts accessible to them induced them to extend the plan. Augustine was the first of the Latin Fathers to be published (11 vols., 1679- 1700); the choice of this author in the midst of the Jansenistic controversy is significant of the attitude of the congregation toward the vexed questions of the day, which, in fact, was one of scarcely concealed sympathy with Port^Royal, if not with Jansenism in general. The first early Greek text published was the Epistle of Barnabas by D'Achery and M6nard in 1645; but no special attention was paid to this department until near the end of the century, when Montfaucon edited Athanasius (3 vols., 1698). The work continued until the publication of the Opera of Gregory Nazianzen, begun by Maran in 1788, was interrupted by the Revolution. Useful work was done also on the old Bible versions; included were the Hexapla of Origen, ed. Montfaucon (2 vols., 1713), the Bibliotheca divina of Jerome, ed. Martianay (vol. i. of Jerome's works, 1693), and the Latince versiones antiquce, ed. Sabatier, Baillard, and Vincent de la Rue (3 vols., 1743^9).
Lack of space excludes detailed account of a great mass of other works, partly of an edifying nature, partly dealing with various subjects in classical
literature, Hebrew, the arts, geography, and even the natural sciences. In controversy, to which
they were not seldom exposed, the Other Maurists showed the same calm mod- Labors, eration and intellectual superiority
that mark all their work. An attack by De Ranee1, the founder of the Trappists, on devotion to mere learning among monks, called forth Mabillon's admirable TraiU des itudes monastiques (1691). They were often engaged in disputes with the Jesuits, provoked especially by their edition of Augustine, and wrote not a few strong criticisms of the constitution Unigenitus. They exposed themselves to attack also by a tendency to follow the Cartesian philosophy, and some of their members even inclined in the latter half of the eighteenth century to fraternize with Voltaire and the Encyclopedists (qq.v.). The congregation was dispersed by the suppression of monastic orders at the Revolution; the last member, Dom Brial, died in 1828. After his death some friends of Lamennais, with the approval of the bishop of Mons, bought the abbey of Solesmes near Cambrai with a view to reviving the congregation. In 1837 it was made a regular abbey of the restored Benedictine order in France, the head of which its abbot was to be. Under Dom Gueranger (1805-75) a new start was made in the old Maurist direction; but up to the present the early excellence has not been reached. The most distinguished of Dom Gueranger's associates was Jean-Baptiste Pitra (q.v.), whose most noteworthy achievement is the Spicilegium Solesmense, a collection of unpublished writings of the Fathers and ecclesiastical writers (4 vols., 1852-58, followed by 8 vols, of Analecta spicilegio Solesmensi parata, 1876- 1891, and by 2 vols, of Analecta novissima, 1885- 1888). (O. ZoCKLEEt-)
Bibliography: Helyot, Ordres monastiques, vi. 286 sqq.; B. Pez, Bibliotheca Benedicto-Mauriana, Augsburg, 1716; P. Le Cerf, Bibliothique historique et critique des auteurs de la congregation de St. Maur, The Hague, 1726; R. P. Tassin, Hist, litteraire de la congregation de S. Maur, Brussels, 1770; Herbst, in TQS, 1833, parts 1-3, 1834, part 1 ; E. C. de Malan, Hist, de Mabillon et de la congregation de St. Maur, Paris, 1843; TJ. Robert, Supplement a I'histoire de la congregation de St. Maur, Paris, 1381; C. de Lama, Bibliotheque des ecrivains de la congregation de St. Maur, Paris, 1882; A. Sieard, Les Etudes classiques avant la revolution, Paris, 1887; E. de Broglie, Mabillon et la societe de Vabbaye de St. Germain des Pres, 2 vols., Paris, 1888; E. Gigas, Lettres des benedictins de la congregation de St.-Maur 1741 ss., Copenhagen, 1893; J. B. Vanel, Les Benedictins de St.-Germain-des-Pres et les savants lyonnais, Paris, 1894; idem, Necrologe de religieux de . . St. Maur, ib. 1896; idem, Les Benedictins de Saint-Maur, Paris, 1896; J. A. Endres, Korrespondenz der Mauriner mit dem Emmeramern, Stuttgart, 1899; J. M. Besse, in Revue des sciences eccUsiastiques, ii (1902), 143 sqq., 230 sqq., 532 sqq.; Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, i. 306-313.
SAINT-SIMON, san-si"men or sent-sai'mun, CLAUDE HENRI, COUNT DE: French socialist; b. at Paris Oct. 17, 1760; d. there May 19, 1825. He served as an officer in the American Revolution, and after many adventures was major and commandant at Metz at the age of twenty-three. Weary of military life, he traveled through Holland and Spain, and was an enthusiastic supporter of the French Revolution. In 1802, after an unhappy marriage, he resumed his scientific studies, fancying