THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
A. T., Hamburg, 1886; J. Winter, Die Stellung der Sklaven bei den Juden, Halle, 1886; J. B. Lightfoot, in his commentary on Philemon, the introduction, 3d ed., London, 1890; T. Andre, L'Esclavage chez les anciens hebreux, Paris, 1892; A. Bertholet, Die Stellung der Israeliten und der Juden zu den Fremden, Freiburg, 1896; J. F. McCurdy, History, Prophecy, and the Monuments, ii. 168 sqq., New York, 1896; Benzinger, Archaologie, pp. 123-127; DB, iv. 461-469; EB, iv. 4653-58; DCG, ii. 641-642; JE, xi. 403-J08.
On slavery in Greece and Rome consult: H. Wallon, Hist, de I'esclavage dans Vantiquiti, new ed., 3 vols., Paris, 1879; J. Marquardt, Privatleben der Romer, pp. 135 sqq., 175 sqq., Leipsic, 1886; W. Richter, Die Sklaverei im griechischen AUertume, Breslau, 1886; L. Halkin, Les E sclav es publics chez les romains, Liege, 1897; M. Schneidewin, Antike Humanitat, pp. 206 sqq., Berlin, 1897; P. Guiraud, La Main d'ceuvre industrielle dans Vancienne Grece, Paris, 1900.
On the general history of slavery employ: T. Clarkson, Hist, of the Slave Trade, London, 1849; E. Levasseur, Hist, des classes ouvrieres en France jusqu'a la revo-
lution, 2 vols., Paris, 1859; A. Cochin, V Abolition de I'esclavage, 2 vols., Paris, 1862, Eng. transl., The Results of Slavery, Boston, 1863, and The Results of Emancipation, ib. 1863; J. E. Cairoes, The Slave Power; its Character, Career, and Probable Designs, London, 1863; H. Wiskemann. Die Sklaverei, Leyden, 1866 (a crowned essay); H. Wilson, Hist, of the Rise and Fall of the Slave-Power, 3 vols., Boston, 1872-77; A. Tourmagne, Hist, de I'esclavage ancien et moderne, Paris, 1880; A. Ebeling, Die Sklaverei, Paderbom, 1889; C. D. Michael, The Slave and his Champions: Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, W. Wilberforce, Sir Thomas Folwell Buxton, London, 1891; W. R. B. Brownlow, Lectures on Slavery and Serfdom in Europe, London, 1892; J. K. Ingram, Hist, of Slavery and Serfdom, London, 1895; C. J. M. Letourneau, L' Evolution de I'esclavage, Paris, 1897; H. J. Nieboer, Slavery as an Industrial System, The Hague, 1900; W. H. Smith, A Political Hist, of Slavery, 2 vols., New York, 1903; W. Stevens, The Slave in History, London, 1904.
On the relation of Christianity to slavery consult: E. Biot, V Abolition de I'esclavage dans V accident, Paris, 1840; J. A. Mohler, in Gesammelte SShriften, ii. 54 sqq., Regensburg, 1840; C. Schmidt, Essay historique sur la society civile dans le monde romOin, et sur sa transformation par le christianisme, Strasburg, 1854; K. J. Hefele, Beitrage zur Kirchengeschichte, i. 212 sqq., Tubingen, 1864; A. Riviere, L'Eglise et I'esclavage, Paris, 1864; Overbeck, Studien zur Geschichte der alten Kirche, i. 158-230, Schloss Chemnitz, 1875 (on the relation of the early Church to slavery); P. Allard, Les Esclaves Chretiens depuis les premiers temps de Veglise jusqu'a la fin de la domination romaine en oceident, Paris, 1876; W E. H. Lecky, Hist, of European Morals, ii. 66-90, 3d ed., London, 1877; V. Lechler, Sklaverei und Christenthum, Leipsic, 1877-78; T. Zahn, Sklaverei und Christenthum in der alten Welt, Heidelberg, 1879; idem, Skizzen aus dem Leben der alten Kirche, pp. 116-159, Leipsic, 1898; C. L. Brace, Gesta Christi; or, a Hist, of Human Progress under Christianity, London and New York, 1882; G. Uhlhorn, Christian Charity in the Early Church, Edinburgh, 1883; A. Roettscher, Die Aufhebung der Sklaverei durch das Christentum, Frankfort, 1887; R. Knopf, Das nachapostolische Zeitalter, pp. 67 sqq., Tubingen, 1905; A. Harnack, Expansion of Christianity, new ed., London, 1908; Schaff, Christian Church, i. 444-448, ii. 347-354.
On slavery in America consult: A. T. Bledsoe, An Essay on Liberty and Slavery, Philadelphia, 1857; G. Haven, National Sermons, Boston, 1869; A. G. Haygood, Our Brother in Black; his Freedom and his Future, New York, 1881; L. C. Matlack, Anti-Slavery Struggle and Triumph in the M. E. Church, New York, 1881; G. W. Williams, Hist, of the Negro Race in America, New York, 1882; A. Willey, Anti-Slavery in State and Nation, Portland, Me., 1886; J. R. Brarkett, The Negro in Maryland, Baltimore, 1889; J. S. Bassett, Slavery and Servitude in . North Carolina, 2 parts, Baltimore, 1896-97; M. S. Locke, Anti- Slavery in America, 1619-1808, Cambridge, 1901; J. C. Ballagh, Hist, of Slavery in Virginia, Baltimore, 1902.