THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
tion of the Church from the Errors and Corruptions of the Church of Rome, ib., 1689). Storms of protest arose against it on every side, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, and Melanchthon declared that its revelation of Protestant folly and pettiness was such as to render it unfit to be placed in the hands of impressionable youth (CR, viii. 483).
The tenure of office of Sleidanus, who had taken an active part in school administration in Strasburg since 1553, expired in June, 1556, and such was the odium excited by his book that no one would now employ him. When, however, a university was founded at Duisburg, his name was proposed for the professorship of history, but before any action could be taken he was dead. A few months before his death he published his De quatuor summis imperiis, Babylonico, Persico, Grceco et Romano, libri tres (Eng. transl., London, 1627), which ran through repeated editions and translations, being used as late as the eighteenth century. A number of his writings, including the one just mentioned, were collected in his opuscula (ed. H. Putschius, Hanover, 1608), and his correspondence has been edited by H. Baumgarten (Sleidan's Brief wechsel, Strasburg, 1881). (G. Kawehatj.)
Bibliography: Earlier works are rendered passe by H. Baumgarten's Ueber Sleidans Leben und Briefwechsel, Strasburg, 1878, and the Briefwechsel of Sleidanus, ib. 1881. Consult further: J. O. Miiller, Aus den Eifelbergen, Langenberg, 1887; Bourilly, Jean Sleidan et le Cardinal du Bellay, in Bulletin historique et litteraire, pp. 225 sqq., Paris, 1901; idem, Guillaume du Bellay, Paris, 1904; A. Hasenclever, Sleidan-Studien, Bonn, 1905; ADB, xxxiv. 354 sqq.
SMALLEY, smSl'li, JOHN: Congregationalist; b. in Columbia, Conn., June 4, 1734; d. in New Britain, Conn., June 1, 1820. He was graduated from Yale College, 1756, where he experienced what he described sometimes as his actual, sometimes as his second, conversion, his first having occurred during childhood. This later conversion he attributed to his reading of Edwards' treatise on the Will. Through this he became a leader in the contest against the enthusiasm of the Separates, against the Half-way Covenant, and in defense of the New- England Theology (q.v.).
Having pursued his theological studies with Dr. Joseph Bellamy, he was ordained Apr. 19, 1758, over the Congregational Church in New Britain, Conn. He remained in this pastorate more than fifty-five years, and the marked success of his pastorate is a matter of historical interest. His success as a theological instructor was yet more remarkable. Among his pupils may be named Nathanael Emmons, and Ebenezer Porter (qq.v.), who, as a professor at Andover, exerted a formative influence on the seminary. Four of Smalley's sermons were of great importance. Two were on The Consistency of the Sinner's Inability (Hartford, 1769; republished in England). Two were entitled Justification through Christ an Act of Free Grace, and None but Believers saved through the All-Sufficient Satisfaction of Christ (1786, 1787; repeatedly republished). He also issued two volumes of Discourses (1803, 1814).
Bibliography: W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, i. 559-565, New York, 1859; W. Walker, in American Church History Series, vol. iii. passim, ib. 1894; F. H.
Foster, Genetic Hist, of the New England Theology, pp. 199- 200, 221, Chicago, 1907.
SMARAGDUS, sma-rag'dus : The name of several medieval monastic authors.
1. Abbot of St. Mihiel, in the diocese of Verdun, and one of the most distinguished representatives of Frankish theology in the Carolingian period. In 810 he was one of Charlemagne's envoys to bear the resolution of the Synod of Aachen to Leo III., and was secretary in the ensuing negotiations regarding the procession of the Holy Ghost and the liturgical use of the Nicene Creed. Louis the Pious not only gave him many gifts and privileges for his monastery but also made him one of the arbitrators in the controversy between Ismundus, bishop of Milan, and his monks. His works, most of which are collected in MPL, cii., reveal considerable patristic learning and much practical piety, but are almost wholly devoid of originality. His chief exegetical work, Commentarius, sive collectiones in evangelia et epistolas qua per circuitum anni in templis leguntur, is a compilation for homiletic use; but his Expositio, sive commentarii in regulam Sancti Benedicti reveals him as an adherent of the strict reforms of his contemporary, Benedict of Aniane (q.v.); and a similar tendency is discernible in his compilation of ascetic rules, chiefly from Cassian and Gregory the Great, entitled Diadema monachorum. The latter treatise was abridged by Smaragdus for the use of Louis the Pious, the strictly monastic sections being omitted, and the remainder expanded or curtailed as the special theme of this new Via regia demanded. He likewise wrote the Acta collationis Romance and collaborated in the Epistola Frotharii et Smaragdi ad Ludovicum Augustum, while he is also held to be the author of the Epistola Caroli Magni ad Leonem Tertium Pontificem de processu Spiritus Sancti (MPL, xcviii. 923). His Commentarius in Prophetas and Historia Monasterii Sancti Michaelis are still unedited, but a few fragments of his Grammatica major, sive commentarius in Donatum have been published by J. Mabillon (Vetera analecta, Paris, 1723, pp. 358-359). This was evidently the earliest of his works, probably written while he was still master of the monastery school (between 800 and 805). [His Carmina, ed. E. Dummler, are in MGH, Poet. Lat wvi Car., i. (1881), 607-619, ii. (1884), 698; cf. M. Manitius in NA, xi. (1886), 563.]
2 . Biographer and successor of Benedict of Aniane ; b. 783; d. at Aniane (16 m. w.n.w. of Montpellier) Mar. 7, 843. His real name was Ardo. His Vita of his predecessor, an admirable bit of biographical writing, has repeatedly been edited (ASB, Feb., ii. 106-620; MPL, ciii. 354 sqq.; MGH, Script, xv. 698-220, Hanover, 1887).
3. Abbot of a monastery at Luneburg, Saxony; flourished about 1000. He has been regarded, though without sufficient evidence, as the author of the Grammatica major noted above.
(O. ZoCKLERf.) Bibliography: The prolegomena in MGH, Poet. Lot., ut sup., i. 604-607; Histoire litteraire de la France, iv. 439- 447, 708; B. Haureau, Singularities historiques et littiraires, pp. 100 sqq., Paris, 1861; K. Werner. Alkuin und sein Jahrhundert, pp. 25, 317-318, Vienna, 1876; A. Ebert, Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, ii. 108-112, Leip-