RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Stephen
Lombards which occurred in 770. Stephen died Sept. 24, 772. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Sources are: Liber ponlificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, i. 468, Paris, 1886; the Epistolce in Bouquet, Becueil, vol. v., in MPG, vol. xcviii., and in J. Greteer, Volumen epistolarum. Opera, vol. vi., 17 vols., Regensburg, 1734-40; Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni, in MGH, Script., ii (1829), 443-463; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 2S5. Consult further: A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 121 sqq., Berlin, 1868; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, i. 262 sqq., Elberfeld, 1868; S. Abel, Jahrbiicher des frankischen Reiches unter Karl dem Grossen, ed. B. Simson, pp. 61 sqq., Leipsic, 1888; H. Dopffel, Kaisertum und Papstwechsel, pp. 15 sqq., Freiburg, 1889; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, ii. 327-343, London, 1894; L. Duchesne, in Revue d'hist. et de littirature religieuses, 1896, pp. 238 sqq.; J. A. Ketterer, Karl der Grosse und die Kirche, pp. 19 sqq., Munich, 1898; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 433 sqq., Fr. transl., iii. 2, pp. 727 sqq., Eng. transl., v. 331 sqq.; Mansi, Concilia, v. 680 sqq.; Bower, Popes, ii. 114-125; Platina, Popes, i. 194-198; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 433-439; DCB, iv. 735- 738; and the literature under Charlemagne.
Stephen IV.: Pope 816-817. He was a Roman and of noble birth. Like that of his predecessors, his policy involved agreement with the Franks; consequently after his election he induced the Romans to swear obedience to Louis the Pious, whom in Oct., 816, he crowned emperor at Reims. On this occasion the alliance between the pope and the Frankish rulers was renewed. In Nov. he returned to Italy and died Jan. 24, or 25, 817.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Sources are: Liber ponlificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 49, Paris, 1892; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 316; J. Gretser, Volumen epistolarum, in Opera, vol. vi., 17 vols., Regensburg, 1734-40; and the Vitas of Louis the Pious, in MGH, Script., ii (1829), 585 sqq. Consult further: R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, i. 328, Elberfeld, 1868; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, ii. 797, Bonn, 1885; B. Simson, Jahrbiicher des frankischen Reiches, i. 66, Leipsic, 1874; H. Dopffel, Kaisertum und Papstwechsel, i. 45, Freiburg, 1889; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 33-45, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 192-193; Platina, Popes, i. 209-210; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 518-519; Mann, Popes, v. 111-121.
Stephen V.: Pope 885-891. This pope lived in a period of decline of the Roman bishopric. In the negotiations with Emperor Basil and his son Leo VI. concerning Photius he adhered to the Roman standpoint; not to him, however, but to Emperor Leo was it due that the decision of Rome was finally acknowledged. In the policy toward the newly founded Slavonic church he followed his predecessors, aiming on the one side to preserve the connection of that church with Rome, on the other side to concede to it only a small measure of independence. But in the relations to the Occident he was powerless. The decline of the empire under Charles the Fat had an immediate influence upon the papacy and the Church. After the deposition of Charles in Nov., 887, began the period of the less powerful rulers, on whom the popes became more and more dependent. Stephen died on Sept. 14, 891, having previously crowned one of these kings, Guido of Spoleto, emperor, Feb. 21, 891.
(A. Hatjck.)
Bibliography: Sources are: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 191, Paris, 1892; fragments of documents, ed. P. Ewald, in NA, v. 399; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 427; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vita, i. 83, Leip-
sic, 1862; and the Epistolce in Bouquet, Recueil, vol. ix.
Consult further: A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 218 sqq., Berlin, 1868; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, ii. 62 sqq., Elberfeld, 1869; E. Diimmler, Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reiches, iii. 248 sqq., Leipsic, 1888; H. Dopffel, Kaisertum und Papstwechsel, pp. 152— 153, Freiburg, 1889; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iii. 280 sqq., Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 208-215, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 294-296; Platina, Popes, i. 235-236; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 105; Mann, Popes, vi. 367-402 et passim.
Stephen VI.: Pope 896-897. After the death of Formosus, who had crowned Arnulf emperor, the faction of Spoleto elected a pope of their own party, Stephen VI., the short pontificate of Boniface VI. alone intervening. Stephen's consecration took place probably in May, 896. He was one of the most violent opponents of Formosus. His short pontificate is disgraced by his unheard-of judgment upon Formosus after his death (see Fokmosus). The horror aroused by this outrage led to a sudden uprising of the people (July, 897) on which occasion Stephen was murdered. (A. Hatjck.)
Bibliography: Sources are: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii., pp. xviii., 229, Paris, 1892; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 439; J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vital, i.
35 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; the Epistolce, in Bouquet, Recueil, vol. ix.; and the Epistolce et privilegia in MPL, vol. cxxix. Consult further: Mann, Popes, vii. 76 sqq.; E. Diimmler, Auxilius und V ulgarius, pp. 10 sqq., Leipsic, 1866; idem, Geschichte des ostfrankischen Reiches, iii. 426, ib. 1888; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 224, Berlin, 1868; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, ii. 70, Elberfeld, 1869; H. Dopffel, Kaisertum und Papstwechsel, p. 157, Freiburg, 1889; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iii. 303, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 225-229, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 300; Platina, Popes, i. 237-239; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 110-111.
Stephen VII.: Pope 929-931. His pontificate fell during the time when Theodora and Marozia ruled in Rome. The pope vanished so completely into the background beside his ambitious mistresses that information concerning him is very scanty.
(A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 242, Paris, 1892; J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vita;, i. 33, Leipsic, 1862; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 453; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 231, Berlin, 1868; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, ii. 90, Elberfeld, 1869; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iii. 333, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 282, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 311; Platina, Popes, i. 247-248; Mann, Popes, viii. 189-190.
Stephen VIII.: Pope 939-942. His pontificate was coincident with the rule of Alberich, the son of Marozia, as prince and senator of the Romans in Rome; and his importance was small compared with that of the energetic Alberich, who regarded Rome as his property. But before foreign powers Stephen upheld the claims of the papacy, threatening France and Burgundy with the ban unless they acknowledged Louis d'Outremer as king, which they were forced to do. (A. Hatjck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 244, Paris, 1892; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 457; J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum . vita?, i. 34, Leipsic, 1862; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 233, Berlin, 1868; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, ii. 93, Elberfeld, 1869; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iii. 333, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 317, London, 1895; Mann, Popes, ix. 209, 212 sqq., 232; Bower, Popes, ii. 313-314; Platina, Popes, i. 249-250.
Stephen Stephens