THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
and his father took special pains with his education, and, as a part of his general training, he undertook in his nineteenth year a protracted journey to Italy, England, and Flanders, where he busied himself in collecting and collating manuscripts for his father's press. In 1554 he published at Paris his first independent work, the Anacrcon. Then he went again to Italy, helping Aldus at Venice, discovered a copy of Diodorus Siculus at Rome, and returned to Geneva in 1555. In 1557 he seems to have had a printing-establishment of his own, and, in the spirit of modern times, advertised himself as the " Parisian printer " (typographies parisiensis) . The following year he assumed the title, illustris viri Huldrici Fuggeri typographus, from his patron, Fugger of Augsburg. In 1559 Henry assumed charge of his father's presses, and distinguished himself as the publisher, and also as the editor and collator, of manuscripts. Athenagoras, Aristotle, ^Eschylus, appeared in 1557; Diodorus Siculus, 1559; Xenophon, 1561; Thucydides, 1564; Herodotus, 1566 and 1581. He improved old translations, or made new Latin translations, of many Greek authors. His most celebrated work, the Thesaurus linguas grmem, which has served up to the nineteenth century as the basis of Greek lexicography, appeared in 4 vols., 1572, with a supplement in 2 vols. Of the Greek editions of the Xew Testament that went forth from his presses, there deserve mention those of Beza, with his commentary, 1565, 1569, 1582, 1588-89, and the smaller editions of 1565, 1567, 1580. A triglot containing the Peshito appeared in 1569, of which some copies are in existence, bearing the date Lyons, 1571. In 1565 a large French Bible was printed. Henry's own editions of the Greek New Testament of 1576 and 15S7 are noteworthy; the former containing the first scientific treatise on the language of the apostolic writers; the latter, a discussion of the ancient divisions of the text. In 1594 he published a concordance of the New Testament, the preparatory studies for which his father had made. Much earlier he translated Calvin's catechism into Greek, which was printed in 1554 in his father's printingroom.
Henry was married three times, and had fourteen children, of whom three survived him. His son Paul (b. 1567), of whose life little is known, assumed control of the presses. Two of Paul's sons were printers — Joseph at La Rochelle, and Antoine (d. 1674), who became " Printer to the king " in Paris in 1613. Fronton Le Due's Chrysostom, and Jean Morin's Greek Bible (3 vols., 1628) were issued from Antoine's presses. His son Henry succeeded to the title of " Printer to the king " in 1649, and his work closed about 1659. He left no children, and was the last of the family who took active interest in editing and printing. The high standard that had been established by the early Stephens was maintained to the last, and the publications of the later publishers were mainly in the division of Greek and Roman classics.
Bibliography: M. Maittaire, Stephanorum historia, vitas ipsorum ac libros complectens, London, 1709; idem. Hist, typographorum aliquot Parisensium, 2 vols., ib. 1717; A. A. Renouard, Annates del'imprimerie des Estienne, ou hist, de la famille des Estienne et de ses iditions, 2 parts, Paris, 1837-38; G. A. Crapelet, Robert Estienne et le roi
Francois I., Paris, 1839; L. J. Feugere, Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages de H. Estienne, Paris, 1853; E. Frommann, Aufsalze zur Oeschichte des Buchhandels im 16. Jahrhundert, Jena, 1876; P. Schaff, Companion to the Greek Testament and the English Version, pp. 236-237, 536-539, New York, 1883; F. H. Reusch, Index der verbotenen Biicher, i. 152, 337, 416, ii. 166, et passim, Bonn, 1885; Nouveaux documents sur les Estienne, imprimeurs parisiens, 1617-1665, in MSmoires of the Paris Society of History, vol. xxii., Paris, 1895; G. H. Putnam, Books and their Makers during the Middle Ages, ii. 15—100, New York 1897; idem, Censorship of the Church of Rome, i. 102, 228 sqq., 296, 238, 411, ib. 1907; P. Renouard, Imprimeurs parisiens depuis 1470 jusqu'a la fin du XVI. sikcle, Paris 1898; A. Claudin, Hist, de Vimprimerie en France au zv. et xvi. siicle, Paris, 1900; L. Radigeur, Mattres imprimeurs et ouvriers typographes, 1470-1903, Paris, 1903.
STEPHENS, THOMAS: English Jesuit and missionary. See India, I., 4, § 2.
STERCORANISTS: The name given (from stercus, " excrement ") in the Middle Ages to those who might possibly hold, as a theoretical position, that the body of Christ, received in the Lord's Supper, was masticated, digested, and finally excreted. It was first mentioned as a possible error and rejected by Radbertus Paschasius (De corpore et sanguine Domini, xx.) in reference to the pseudo- Clementine Epistle to James, but Radbertus did not assert that it was held by his opponents. Amalarius of Metz (q.v.) left the question open whether the body of Christ was eaten and digested in a natural way, but appealed to Matt. xv. 17. Rabanus appealed to the same passage. But after the doctrine of transubstantiation had been adopted, the question concerning the natural eating of the body of Christ no longer permitted discussion. The term " Stercoranist " seems to have been used first by Cardinal Frederic of Lorraine, later Pope Stephen IX., in his Responsio sive contradictio adversus Nicetce Pectorati libellum, xxii., and thence came into quite common use. (A. Hatjck.)
Bibliography: L. d'Achery, Spicilegium, iii. 330, Paris, 1723; C. M. Pfaff, De stercoranistis medii wvi, Tubingen, 1750; J. M. Schrockh, Kirchengeschichte, xxiii. 429 sqq., 35 vols., Leipsic, 1772-1803; J. Bach, Dogmengeschichte des Mittelalters, i. 185-186, Vienna, 1873; K. Werner, Gerbert von Aurillac, pp. 165-166, ib. 1878; J. Schwane, Dogmengeschichte des Mittelalters, p. 630, Freiburg, 1882; J. Schnitzer, Berengar von Tours, pp. 205 sqq., Stuttgart, 1892; R. Monchemeier, Amalar von Metz, pp. 108 sqq., Minister, 1893; KL, xi. 782-783.
STERNE, LAURENCE: Church of England, clergyman, wit, and novelist; b. at Clonmel (46 m. n.e. of Cork), Ireland, Nov. 24, 1713; d. in London Mar. 18, 1768. He was the great grandson of Richard Sterne, archbishop of York, and his father was an officer in the army, whose death in 1731 left Laurence unprovided for. Young Sterne was a student at Halifax, but was unsystematic in his work; by his uncle he was sent to Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A., 1736; M.A., 1740), where physical weakness was indicated by a hemorrhage of the lungs before he finished his studies. He was ordered deacon in 1736 and ordained priest in 1738, this step being taken on the advice of his uncle, who had sent him to college; but his tastes and temperament were not such as really to qualify him for the ministry, the work of which was probably always irksome to him. He became vicar of Sutton-in-the Forest in Yorkshire, 1738; prebend of Givendale