THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Stephen IX. (Frederic of Lorraine): Pope 1057- 105S. He was one of the three sons of Duke Gozelo of Lorraine. He was educated at Liege, and became archdeacon at the church of St. Lambert. Leo IX. induced him in 1049 to go to Rome, where he became cardinal deacon, and in 1051 chancellor and librarian; in 1051 he was a member of an embassy to Constantinople, returning after the death of Leo and retiring into the monastery of Monte Cassino (1055), the abbot of which he became two years later. In the same year (1057) Victor II. died, and Frederic was elected in his place. Since the election occurred without understanding with the widow of Henry III., it implied an open violation of the imperial rights; at the same time it showed that the reform party considered it the right time to abolish imperial control over the papacy. If this was the aim, there could have been found no more suitable person than Frederic for the papal chair, since his brother Duke Godfrey, as husband of Marchioness Beatrix of Tuscany, possessed the chief power in Italy. But an immediate rupture with the empire was avoided. The activity of Stephen was directed in the first place to the enforcement of the law of celibacy; but more important for the future was his attitude toward the Patarenes of Milan. By not merely tolerating, but even approving, revolutionary procedures, he formed the union between the papacy and the democrats of Upper Italy which was so successful for both parties. He died at Florence Mar. 29, 105S. (A. Hatjck.)
Bibliography: Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 278, 334, 356, Paris, 1892; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 553 sqq.; J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum . . vitas, i. 188 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; A. von Reunion t, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 351, Berlin, 1868; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Pdpste, ii. 262, Elberfeld, 1869; J. Wattendorff, Papst Stephan IX., Paderborn, 1883; G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbilcher des deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich IV. und Heinrich V., i. 30 sqq., Leipsic, 1890; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iii. 494, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 70-111, London, 1896; Mann, Popes, x. 3S1 sqq.; Bower, Popes, ii. 363-365; Platina, Popes, i. 276-277; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 279— 294; Hauck, KD, iii. 669 sqq. ; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iv. 791.
STEPHEN BAR ZUDHAILE (ZUD(H)AILI or SUDAILI): Syrian mystic of the sixth century. He lived for a time in Egypt as the pupil of one John the Egyptian, and later resided at Edessa and finally at Jerusalem. He was a contemporary of Jacob of Sarug (q.v.), who addressed a letter to him, while Philoxenus (q.v.) wrote certain priests of Edessa concerning him. He is said to have taught that the punishments of hell were finite, and that baptism and the Eucharist were superfluous. He receives a special anathema in the creed of Philoxenus and in the Jacobite ordination liturgy. According to Barhebraeus, Stephen was the author of a work " On the Hidden Mysteries of God," which was ascribed to Hierotheus, a disciple of St. Paul (MSS. in the British Museum and Bibliotheque Nationale, and at Berlin; the British Museum MS., co<l. Rich. 71S9, is evidently the very one used by Barhebraeus). The exact relation of the work to Dionysius the Areopagite (q.v.) is not yet entirely clear. It is held by A. Merx that not only the medieval mystics of the West, but also the Mohammedan
Sufis, derived their most fruitful concepts from the Syrian mystic, Stephen bar Zudhaile. E. Nestle. Bibliography: Older literature and sources are: Abulfaraj (Barhebraeus), Hist, eccl., i. 221; J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca orientalis, i. 303, ii. 30-33, 290; J. Abbeloos, De vita et scriptis S. Jacobi Bathnarum Sarugi episcopi, Louvain, 1867. Consult further: A. L. Frothingham, On the Book of Hierotheus by a Syrian Mystic of the 5th Century, in Proceedings of the American Oriental Society, 1884, pp. x.-xiii.; idem, Stephen bar Sudaili, the Syrian Mystic and the Book of Hierotheus, Leyden, 1886 (cf. Loofs in Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1884, pp. 554-555, and Bathgen in the same, 1887, no. 10); V. Ryssel, Das " Buch des Hierotheus," in ZKO, x (1887), 156-158; A. Merx, Die Idee und Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Geschichte der Mystik, Heidelberg, 1893; W. Wright, A Short Hist, of Syriac Literature, pp. 76-77, London, 1894; R. Duval, La Litterature syriaque, pp. 358-360, 438, Paris, 1899; C. Brockelmann, in Litteratur des Ostens, vii. 2 (1907), 28.