RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Thirty-Nine Articles Thoburn
Danish peninsula was flooded with imperial troops; and the peace of Liibeck, May 22, 1629, made an end of the direct participation of Denmark in the war.
In June, 1630, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, landed in Germany; and in a very short time conquered Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Gustavus Adolphus was a Christian hero, a great general, and a great statesman. The hope of conquest, of making the Baltic a Swedish sea, was, no doubt, one of his motives in taking up the cause of the Protestants in Germany, but his 'conviction of the justice af that cause was as surely another, and perhaps the stronger one. His army was a model of an irmy, infinitely superior in moral character to the irmies of Tilly and Wallenstein. The Swedish soldiers of Gustavus Adolphus resembled the Ironsides of Cromwell. Tilly was defeated at Brietenfeld, md on the Lech. In the latter battle he was killed ind his army scattered. But Ferdinand charged iVallenstein with the formation of a new army, vhich encountered that of Gustavus Adolphus at [iiitzen. Wallenstein was defeated; but Gustavus Adolphus fell, and the emperor found breathing- •oom again. Though Wallenstein remained inactive n Bohemia, where he finally was assassinated at 5ger, Feb. 25, 1634, the standard of the Swedish irmy rapidly sunk after the death of Gustavus Adolphus; and the Protestant army suffered a :evere defeat at Nordlingen, Sept. 6, 1634, after vhich the electors of Brandenburg and Saxony leserted the Protestant cause, made peace with the mperor, and turned against the Swedes.
Nevertheless, the position of the emperor coninued to be very critical, and his prospects of final uccess were very small. Richelieu, whose whole oreign policy turned upon the humiliation of the louse of Austria as its true pivot, and who for that rery reason had subsidized the Swedes from the rery beginning, now took the army of Duke Bernlardt of Saxe- Weimar into the French service ; and he war against Austria and her allies was carried n with a fierceness and cruelty hitherto unheard >f. In 1646 no less than a hundred villages were 'urned down in Bavaria, and the inhabitants driven way. And at the same time the Swedish general .'orstenson developed an activity which seemed o threaten the very existence of the Hapsburg ynasty. He defeated one Austrian army under 'iccolomini at Brietenfeld, Nov. 2, 1642, and nother, under Hatzfeld, at Jankow, Mar. 6, 1645; nd he actually approached Vienna in order to form
connection with Prince Rakoczy of Transylvania, nd laid siege to the city. The immediate danger rifted away by the somewhat peculiar proceedings f Rakoczy. But Austria was completely exhausted nd the peace of Westphalia (see Westphalia, 'eace of), Oct. 24, 1648, was as necessary to her as t was welcome to Germany, which lay prostrate, nd cruelly devastated from one end to the other.
iibliogbapht: The best bibliography is that in Dahlmann- Waitz, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte, 7th ed. by E. Brandenburg, Leipsic, 1905-06. On the bibliography consult B. Erdmannsdflrfer, in Historische Zeitschrift, xiv (1865). Note also the very extensive classified list in Cambridge Modern History, iv. 801-953, New York, 1906. The most important collection of sources is Briefe
und Akten zur Geschichte des dreissigjahrigen Kriegs, begun in Munich in 1873, the 2d series issued at Leipsic and Munich (vols. viii. and xi., 1910). The best book for the English reader is the volume in the Cambridge Modern History already referred to. Consult further: A. W. Ward, The Thirty Years' War, London, 1869 (popular); S. R. Gardiner, The Thirty Years' War, ib. 1874 (admirable summary) ; E. Shebek, Die Losung der Wallensteinfrage, Berlin, 1881; F. Des Robert, Campagnes de Charles IV., due de Lorraine, 2 vols., Paris, 1883; J. W. De Peyster, The Thirty Years' War. With Reference to the Operations of the Swedes, Philadelphia, 1884; A. Gindely, Illustrirte Geschichte des dreissigjahrigen Krieges, 3 vols., Prague, 1884, Eng. transls., History of the Thirty Years' War, 2 vols., London, 1885 (based on original documents) ; G. B. Malleson, Battlefields of Germany from the Outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, London, 1884; J. C. F. von Schiller, Histoire de la guerre de trente ans, Paris, 1884; J. Buehring, Venedig, Gustav Adolf und Rohan, Halle, 1885; A. Gaedeke, Wallensteins Verhandlungen mit den Schweden, Frankfort, 1885; T. V. Bilek, Beitrage zur Geschichte Waldsteins, Prague, 1886; R. C. Trench, Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, London, 1886 (gives social aspects) ; A. C. Hennequin, Tilly, 1618 a 1632, Lille, 1887; G. Droysen, Das Zeitalter des dreissigjahrigen Krieges, Berlin, 1888; A. Ledieu, Esquisses de la guerre de trente ans, Lille, 1888; M. Ritter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation und des dreissigjahrigen Krieges, 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1889-1908 (authoritative); A. Weskamp, Das Heer der Liga in Westfalen, 1622-23, Minister, 1891; O. Klopp, Der dreissigjahrige Krieg bis zum Tode Gustav Adolf s,
1632, 3 vols., Paderborn, 1891-96; G. Winter, Geschichte des dreissigjahrigen Krieges, Berlin, 1893; W. Leinung and R. Stumvoll, Aus Magdeburgs Sage und Geschichte, Magdeburg, 1894; W. Struck, Johann Georg und Oxenstierna. Von dem Tode Gustav Adolfs, Nov. 1632, bis
1633, Stralsund, 1899; G. Egelhaaf, Gustav Adolf in Deutschland, 1630-32, Halle, 1901; F. Lippert, Geschichte der Gegenreformation im Oberpfalz-Kurpfalz zur Zeit des dreissigjahrigen Krieges, Freiburg, 1901; J. Wagner, Die Chronik des J. Wagner uber die Zeit der schwedischen Okkupation in Augsburg, 1632-35, Augsburg, 1902; C. Jahnel, Der dreissigjahrige Krieg in Aussig, Prague, 1903; C. Jacob, Von Lutzen nach Nordlingen 1633-34, Strasburg, 1904; W. Stubbs (Bp. of Oxford), Lectures on European History. Europe during the Thirty Years' War, London, 1904; H. Teitga, Die Frage nach dem Urheber der Zerstbrung Magdeburgs 1631, Halle, 1904; J. B. Mehler, General Tilly, der Siegreiche, Munich, 1905; F. Pieth, Die FeldziXge des Herzogs Rohan im Veltlin und in Graubunden 1636-37, Bern, 1905; E. Noel, Gustav Adolf, King of Sweden, London, 1905.
THISTED, WALDEMAR ADOLPH: Danish poet; b. in Aarhus (100 m. n.w. of Copenhagen), Denmark, Feb. 28, 1815; d. in Copenhagen Oct. 14, 1887. He became a teacher in 1845; a minister in Sleswick, 1855; and, in 1862, in Tommerup, Zealand. His romances and stories were very popular; he was the author, under pseudonym of Rowel, of Breve fra Helvede (Copenhagen, 1866; English translation, Letters from Hell, 2 vols., London, 1866; 1 vol., New York, 1885) ; and, under the pseudonyms of Em. Saint Hermidad and Herodion, of many other publications.
THOBURN, JAMES MILLS: Methodist Episcopal bishop; b. at St. Clairsville, O., Mar. 7, 1836. He was educated at Alleghany College, Meadville, Pa. (A.B., 1857); was circuit preacher in Ohio (1857- 1859) ; went to India as a missionary, being stationed successively at Naini Tal, Pauri, Moradabad, Lucknow, Calcutta, and Simla from 1859 to 1886. He was then presiding elder of the Indian conference in the United States (1886-88), and in 1888 was elected missionary bishop of his church, with residence at Calcutta until 1896 and subsequently at Bombay. His jurisdiction extends over the Philippines. He
Tholuck
Thomas the Apostle