THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
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in the morning from their beds, which consist of a sack of straw and a straw pillow laid on a plank and covered with a rug. Eleven hours daily are devoted to prayer and masses, the remainder of the day being given in silence to labor either on the field or within the monastery. All literary work is forbidden, since the monks are required to concentrate their thoughts on penance and death; and, except for prayers and hymns, and the greeting, " Remember that we must die," absolute silence is enjoined, wishes and needs being communicated by signs. The midday meal consists of roots, vegetables, fruit, bread, and water, though in special cases the sick may have meat and eggs. The order comprises lay brothers, professed (choir monks), and freres donnes (those connected with the monastery only temporarily for penance). The habit of the choir monks is a coarse, grayish, woolen cassock with wide sleeves, a cowl of black wool with two broad strips hanging to the knee, a black leathern girdle with a rosary and a knife (emblems of meditation and labor), and wooden shoes. The lay brothers have brown cassocks. Great philanthropy has been exercised; for instance, in one year of famine, 1,500 dependents were lodged, and 4,000 guests were entertained annually. The founder of the order was the object of many criticisms because of his severity and his disapproval of learning, as set forth in his Traits de la saintete et des devoirs de la ■vie monastique (Paris, 1683), which led to a controversy that lasted until the second quarter of the eighteenth century. He resigned as abbot in 1695. Trappist monasteries were founded near Florence (1705) and at Casamari (1777), and with the expulsion of the Trappists from France by the Revolution, they received a new home in Val- History. sainte, Switzerland, which Pius VI. made the abbey in 1794, destroyed four years later by the French. Meanwhile the Trappists had founded monasteries at Poblat (Catalonia), near Antwerp, in the diocese of Miinster, and in Piedmont. On the destruction of Valsainte, they found a refuge through Paul I. of Russia in Poland, only to be expelled in 1800. Wandering by way of Danzig to Altona, and by way of Paderborn and Driburg to Freiburg and Sion in the Swiss canton of Valais, they reestablished a monastery at Valsainte, as well as houses at Rieddray and Rapallo (near Naples). In 1804 a monastery was founded near Rome by Louis Henri de Lestrange (Dom Augustin), but it was destroyed in the French invasion. Germany, like France, expelled the Trappists, from the vicinity of Paderborn in 1802, from Freiburg in 1811, from Darfeld (near Miinster) in 1812. On the restoration of the Bourbons in 1827, the Trappists were permitted to reenter France and again to possess their old home, La Trappe; and, by the time of the death of Dom Augustin (1827), they numbered there about 700. In 1829 all the Trappist monasteries were ordered closed by royal decree, but at the Revolution of July there were still nine houses. The order received new impetus in 1834 by a papal decree uniting the Trappists of all lands into the Congregation d6s religieux Cisterciens de Notre Dame de la Trappe. They then increased rapidly, especially in the archdiocese of
Le Mans, and in 1844 founded a house in Algi< * besides sending a number of monks to North A" x ^ ica in 1848. In 1851 a branch of the Trappist established at Pierrequi-Vire (near Avallon) the " Trappist Preachers," which differs from main order only in omitting the vow of silence the permission of the superior, and of acting as sioners. In 1870 there were some eighteen Trai pist monasteries, mostly in France; but ten yeai later 1,450 monks of the order were driven fi France. Though they soon returned, the " Assi tions' Law " of 1901 compelled them again to retin at least in part.
At present the Trappists have 56 monasteries (3| abbeys and 19 priories), with 3,700 members.
these 44 monasteries with 2,500 mem1 Statistics, are in Europe. The abbot general n
sides at Rome. In 1869 the Bosiu> monastery of Mariastern was established, wM now conducts Kafir missions in Natal with 20 r cipal stations, 50 substations, and 13,000 Roi Catholics. Trappists are likewise to be fount Asia Minor, Palestine, China, Japan, Algiers (: pressed in 1904), the Kongo State, German 1 Africa, Ireland, England, the United States, ( ada, and Brazil. A branch of Trappist nuns founded by Princess Louise de Conde in the nery of Les Clairets, near Chartres, receiviD rule from De Ranc6. The nuns number a 900, with nine nunneries in France, and four where, with a priory in Japan. An order of tiary Trappists nuns was likewise founded fo sion-work by Abbot Franz Pfanner in 1881. are called " Missionary Sisters of the Pr< Blood," and number some 400 in Natal, Gei East Africa, and Belgian Kongo. The union o' Trappists of all lands into a single Congregate 1834 was broken in 1847, and for many years were five congregations, each with its own general, who was subject to the general of tht tercians. Since 1892, however, all the cong tions have been reunited, and their abbot gt has been made independent of the Cistercians, new constitution was confirmed by Leo XI 1 1894, and in 1902 a papal decree declared the i astery of Citeaux (acquired by the Trappist 1898) the mother-house. m , ,...,
(EUGEN LACHENMATrtj||f
In the United States the Trappists have (l|ll three houses: Gethsemane Abbey, in Nelson (%r ty, Ky., with 79 in the community; New Mel^jl Abbey, near Dubuque, la., with 35 members; Sft! Monastery of our Lady of Jordan, Scio, County, Ore., with 8 members. In Ireland v are at Mt. Melleray (30 m. n.e. of Cork) and n -4»>£ ber 70; also at Roscrea.
Bibliography: The " Rule " was published Paris, 2 vols., 1701, and Graz, 1887. Consult: L. D[ul B Hist. . . de Vabbaye de la Trappe, Paris, 1824; I Ritfert, Der Orden der Trappisten, Darmstadt, 1 C. Gaillardin, Les Trappistes au 19 siecle, 2
Paris, 1844; C. Tallon, Notices . . sur les morat de Vordre de la Trappe, ib. 1855; La Trappe, on esprit, organisation, ib. 1870; E. Friedlander, Gescl der Trappisten im M ilnsterlande, Paderborn, 1874. Pfannenschmidt, Geschichte der Trappisten, ib. II Franz, Die Trappisten-Mission in Sildafrika, Linz, 1 F. Btittgenbach, Mariawald, ein Bild des Trappi*»' ordens, Aachen, 1897; K. Ruff, Die Trappistenabtei OJ»"
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