TUNKERS. See DUNKERS.
TUOTILO. See Sarnt GaLL, § 2.
TURGOT, tiir’gs’ (JOHANNES TURGOTUS): Bishop of St. Andrews; d. at Durham Aug. 31, 1115. He was born in Lincolnshire of good Saxon family, fled to Norway after the Norman conquest, and prospered there. After a time he undertook to return to England, lost his property by shipwreck, and entered the monastery at Jarrow in 1074. He became prior of Durham in 1087, archdeacon about
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 38
1093, in which year he assisted in laying the foundation of the new cathedral. He was confessor, friend, and confidential adviser of Queen Margaret of Scotland (d. 1093; see Marcaret, Saint), and in 1107 was appointed bishop of St. Andrews by her gon Alexander, but, owing to a dispute as to the authority of the archbishop of York over the Scottish Church, was not consecrated till Aug. 1, 1109; the controversy continued to trouble him till his death. He is the probable author of a life of St. Margaret (printed in ASB, June, ii. 320-340, where it is ascribed to an otherwise unknown Theodoricus; Eng. transl. by W. Forbes Leith, 3d ed., Edinburgh, 1896); also of Historia ecclesia et episcoporum Dunelmensium, published in H. Wharton’s Anglia sacra, i. 705-717, London, 1691. Brsutiograpuy: T. Wright, Biographia Britannica literaria, ii. 70-73, London, 1846; ASB, June, ii. 320-322; J. L.
Low, Durham, London, 1881; W. fF. Skene, Celtic Scotland, 2d ed., 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1886-90; DNB, lvii. 326-327.
TURKEY.
J. Statistical and Political. The Empire; the Governing Race (§ 1). are ea Ecclesiastical Control § 2).
I. Statistical and Political: [Turkey is a composite empire, since 1908 a constitutional monarchy, having possessions or dependencies in three continents —Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its principal boundaries are: on the north Austria, Servia, Bulgaria,
and the Black Sea; on the northeast
1. The and east Russia, Persia, and the Per- Empire; sian Gulf; on the south the Indian the Govern- Ocean, the Libyan Desert, and the ing Race. Sahara; and on the west, in Europe,the Ionian Sea and Adriatic. Its posses-
sions are in Africa, Egypt, Tunis, and Tripoli until 1911, when Italy annexed it. Its area was estimated (1909) at 1,565,000 square miles, and its population, principally Mohammedan, at 35,400,000. For the distribution of the population among the faiths professed only estimates are available. Thus for the Aigean Islands the numbers given (1909) are 296,800 Christians, 27,200 Mohammedans; for Asia Minor, 7,179,900 Mohammedans, 576,200 Armenians, 972,300 other Christians, 184,600 Jews and others; for Armenia, 1,795,800 Mohammedans, 480,700 Armenians, 165,200 other Christians, 30,700 Jews and others. The number of mosques in the empire are 2,120; of Mohammedan clergy, 11,600, of whom the Sheik-ul-Islam is chief.] The Ottoman Turks who founded the Turkish Empire first appeared in Asia Minor in the thirteenth century— a small tribe of 400 families—coming from Central Asia. As conquerors and as rulers over conquered races they have never been surpassed. At the beginning of the fourteenth century they had established a kingdom under Othman, and this dynasty has ruled in an unbroken succession for more than 600 years. In 1326 they captured Brusa and made it their capital. Before the end of the century they had extended their empire to the Danube in Europe and in 1453 they captured Constantinople. In 1529 they were besieging Vienna. Before this, in 1517, they had made themselves masters of Syria, Arabia,
II. Protestant Missions. General (§ 1). American Board (§ 2).
Other Missions (§ 3).
Bible Societies (§ 4).
Results (§ 5). III. Roman Catholic Missions. and Egypt, and Sultan Selim had won for his house the califate of Islam. The Ottoman Turks were already converted to Mohammedanism when they entered upon their career of conquest, and for 400 years the constitution of the government has been strictly Mohammedan. Since the time of Selim the claim of the sultans to be the califs of the Mohammedan world has been generally recognized on ac-. count of their ability to maintain it and their possession of the holy cities, in spite of the fact that the prophet himself declared that the calif must be an Arab of the tribe of Koreish. The sultans have always been absolute autocrats, and the law of the empire has been the Shéraat, which is based upon the Koran, the traditions, and the decisions of the distinguished doctors of the law. Under pressure from the powers of Europe a body of civil law based upon the Code Napoléon was added to the Shéraat some fifty years ago and courts established to administer it—but the results have been very unsatisfactory and the government has never been more arbitrary and tyrannical than during the past thirty years—and never more fanatically Mohammedan.
July, 1908, seemed to mark the dawn of a new era in Turkey. The Ottoman Turks had seen the power of their empire declining and its extent diminishing for 200 years, while the power and influence of Christian Europe dominated the world.
The palace camarilla which ruled in
2. Constitu- the name of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid had tion; Eccle- not only oppressed and massacred the siastical Christian subjects of the empire, but
Control. had crushed the spirit of the Turks.
Some 50,000 of the more intelligent and enlightened of them had been put to death or exiled. Many had fled to Europe. There they organized a revolution which is expected to transform Turkey into a free, constitutional empire—with equal rights for all. The watchwords of the new