THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
firmly withstood all attempts at intimidation; but bowed before the threatening alternative, submission or schism. The Roman Catholic Church experienced one of her most brilliant triumphs, and lost not a single bishop. Thanks to the ultimate assent of the minority bishops to the Vatican dogma, the great crisis which had been evoked was overcome. The accident, nevertheless, was not to be forestalled, that the demurrer to the Vatican’s ‘‘ new Catholicism ”’ led to the formation of the Old Catholic Church (see OLD CaTHOLIcs).
IV. Concluding Remarks: The Council of the Vatican marks the beginning of a new period in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. The power of the papacy became enhanced, and the process of centralizing the ecclesiastical administration at Rome has made still further progress. It was a peculiarly happy dispensation for the papacy, that immediately after the council’s decrees were passed, the Italian unification movement put an end to the Papal States (q.v.), for thus it came about that Pope Pius IX. could enjoy the privileges of the martyrs, while for his successors the ‘‘ Roman question’ proved an agitation cause of the first rank, and an inexhaustible source of pious demonstrations, while above all the papacy was released from a task notoriously beyond its proper capacity. But now the Roman Catholic Church, as ruled by the infallible pope, has gained in point of solidity, unity, and compactness; the process of thoroughly Romanizing the inner life of the Church was lightened; and the same is true in the application of discipline. In short, the Roman Catholic commonwealth has been fundamentally strengthened. To all this be it added, that hitherto the papacy has wisely avoided stamping its decisions in particular concrete cases as of ex cathedra scope. On the political side purely, the council at first produced no further effect than that Austria, on July 30, 1870, ‘‘ served notice’ on the concordat of 1855 (see Concorpats, etc., VI., 2, § 6). Later came the outbreak of the Prussian Kulturkampf, or ministerial conflict over issues between State and Church (see ULTRAMONTANISM). Finally, Roman Catholic France has in 1906 accomplished the separation of Church and State (see Francz, I., §§ 5-6).
The definition of the dogma of the universal episcopate, as a corollary to the infallibility of the bishop of Rome, has fairly closed the history of the growth and institution of the Vatican dogma. Since then, these doctrines belong to the sphere of revealed truths of the faith, and will never be revoked by the Roman Catholic Church; on the contrary, they will gain increasing appreciation. Nevertheless, it may be said of this dogma that its official reception alone does not afford it the full warrant of becoming respected and effectual for all times to the extent desired by the voting council. The history of dogma furnishes not a few examples of permutation and fluctuation, even downright depreciation, in the value of particular dogmas, though the fact of a virtual neglect of their inner substance does not necessarily result in their formal repeal or alteration.
Cari Mrrpr.
BrsitiocRaArHy: Use as sources: Collectio Lacensis, vol. vii., Freiburg, 1890; Janus, Der Papst und das Concil, Leipsic, 1869, Eng. transl., The Pope and the Council,
London, 1869; J. Friedrich, Documenta ad illustrandum Concilium Vaticanum, Noérdlingen, 1871; idem, Tagebuch wihrend des vatikanischen Konzils, ib. 1871; E. Friedberg, Sammlung der Aktenstiicke zum ersten vatikanischen Konzil, Tiibingen, 1872; C. Martin, Omnium Concilii Vaticani . . . documentorum collectio, Paderborn, 1873; Vatican Council, Decrees of, ed. with Introduction by V. J. McNabb, London, 1907; Pomponio Leto, Otto mest a Roma durante il Concilio Vaticano, Florence, 1873; T. Granderath, Constitutiones dogmatice . . . Concilit Vaticani, Freiburg, 1892; Mirbt, Quellen, 8d ed., pp. 8358-367; Quirinus, Rimische Briefe vom Concil, Munich, 1870, Eng. transl., Letters from Rome on the Council, London, 1870: L. Veuillot, Rome pendant le concile, 2 vols., Paris, 1872.
For the history and significance of the council consult: J. Friedrich, Geschichte des vaticanischen Konzils, 3 vols., Bonn, 1877-87 (most comprehensive); T. Granderath, Geschichte des vatikanischen Konzils, 3 vols., Freiburg, 1903-06 (employed the complete records of the council; ef. C. Mirbt, in Historische Zeitschrift, ci., 1908, pp. 529-600); F. Bungener, Rome and the Council in the 19th Century, Edinburgh, 1870; J. Fessler, Das vaticanische Concilium, dessen dussere Bedeutung und innerer Verlauf, Vienna, 1871; J. F. von Schulte, Die Macht der rémischen Papste, 2d ed., Prague, 1871; idem, Die Stellung der Concilien, Papste, und Bischéfe und die papstliche Constitution vom 18. Juli, 1870, ib. 1871; T. Fromman, Geschichte und Kritik des vaticanischen Concils, Gotha, 1872; J. Langen, Das vatikanische Dogma von dem Universal-Episkopat, 4 parts, Bonn, 1876; H. E. Manning, True Story of the Vatican Council, London, 1877; idem, Vatican Council and its Definitions, ib. 1887; E. Ollivier, L’Eglise et Ul état au concile du Vatican, 2 vols., Paris, 1879; E. Cecconi, Hist. du concile du Vatican, 4 vols., Paris, 1887; J. J. I. von Déllinger, Briefe und Erklérungen uber die vaticanischen Decrete, 1869-87, 2 parts, Munich, 1890, Eng. transl., Declarations and Letters on the Vatican Decrees, 1869-87, Edinburgh, 1891; and his other writings (see the article); J. M. L. Monsabré, Conférences de Notre Dame. Concile et jubilé, Paris, 1890; H. Sauvé, Le Pape et le concile du Vatican, Laval, 1890; T. Mozley, Letters from Rome on the Occasion of the Gicumenical Council, 1869-70, 2 vols., London, 1891; F. Nippold, Handbuch der neuesten Kirchengeschichte, vol. ii., Hlberfeld, 1893; J. M. A. Vacant, Htudes sur les constitutions du concile du Vatican, 2 vols., Paris, 1895; K. Sell, Die Entwickelung der katholischen Kirche im 19. Jahrhundert, Leipsic, 1898; W. Arthur, The Pope, the Kings, and the People. Hist. ... of the Vatican Council, London, 1903; A. Machuca Diez, Los sacrosanctos ecuménicos Concilios de Trento y Vaticano, Madrid, 1903; C. S. Isaacson, The Story of the Later Popes, pp. 265-277, London, 1906; F. Nielsen, Hist. of Papacy in 19th Century, ii. 290-374, London, 1906; G. Bartoli, The Primitive Church and the Primacy of Rome, pp. 266 saq., New York (1910); Cambridge Modern History, 92 saq., 147 saq., New York, 1910; Nippold, Papacy, chap. xi.; the literature under INFALLIBILITY, especially the works of Friedrich, Maret, Hefele, Déllinger, and Gladstone; also the literature under ULTRAMONTANISM; and Pius IX.
VAUDOIS. See WaLDENSES. VAUGHAN, ven, BERNARD: English Jesuit;
b. at Courtfield, Herefordshire, Aug. 20, 1847. He was educated at Stonyhurst, and in 1868 entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus, being ordained to the priesthood in 1876. After twenty years as rector of the Church of the Holy Name, Manchester, he went, in 1900, to London, where he has since been attached to the staff of the Church of the Immaculate Conception. He is widely known not only for his vigorous work in the East End slums of London, but also as a preacher who unflinchingly assails vice even among the most powerful classes of society. He was cathedral preacher at the Eucharisti¢ Congress in Montreal in 1910, and among his many published sermons and addresses may be mentioned Ten Lectures in Free Trade Hall: Reply to the
Bishop of Manchester on “‘Roman Claims” (Manchester, 1896); Sins of Society (London, 1906); So-