RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Vatican Council Vaughan
ciety, Sin, and the Saviour (1907); Socialism: is it Liberty or Tyranny ? (1909); and Life Lessons from Blessed Joan of Arc (1910).
VAUGHAN, CHARLES JOHN: Church of England; b. at Leicester Aug. 6, 1816; d. at Llandaff (28 m. w. of Bristol) Oct. 15, 1897. He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Thomas Arnold (q.v.), where he was a classmate of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (q.v.), and at Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1838; fellow, 1839; M.A., 1841; D.D., 1845); was ordained in 1841, and became almost at once vicar of St. Martin’s, Leicester; became head master at Harrow, 1844, into which school he infused new life and vigor, holding this position till 1859; after declining the bishopric of Rochester in 1860, he became vicar of Doncaster. There he assumed, in addition to his pastoral labors, the task of fitting university graduates for the ministry, and this was the work which is regarded as most distinctive of the man. Over 450 students thus passed through his hands, receiving the impress of his deeply religious spirit. He became master of the Temple in 1869, and in 1879 also dean of Llandaff, dividing his time between the two offices. He was a leader in the foundation of University College at Cardiff (1883-84), being made president in 1894, when he resigned his mastership in the Temple.
Vaughan was a voluminous writer, editor, and commentator of books of the New Testament, and sermonizer. He issued by way of texts and commentaries Romans (Greek text and notes, London, 1859, 5th ed., 1880); Philippians (1862; 4th ed., 1882); Revelation (2 vols., 1863; 5th ed., 1 vol., 1882); Philippians (1885); and Hebrews (1890); wrote Memorials of Harrow Sundays (1859; 5th ed., 1880); Notes for Lectures on Confirmation (1859; 9th ed., 1876); Epiphany, Lent, and Easter (sermons; 1860); Lessons of Life and Godliness (sermons; 1862); Words from the Gospels (1863); The Church of the First Days (3 vols., 1864-65); and The Young Life Equipping itself for God’s Service (1872); besides a very considerable number of volumes of sermons not named above, and works of more general interest, such as I'he School of Life (1885).
VAUGHAN, HERBERT: Cardinal archbishop of Westminster; b. at Gloucester Apr. 15, 1832; d. at St. Joseph’s College, Mill Hill (8 m. n.w. of London), Middlesex, June 19, 1903. He was of the Vaughans of Courtfield (an estate in Herefordshire, 5 m.s. of Ross), a very old family, always stanchly Roman Catholic. His mother, a convert from evangelicalism before marriage, was excessively devout and daily asked in prayer that all her children might be priests and nuns—and, in fact, her five daughters all entered convents, while of her eight sons six became priests (three bishops). Herbert (the oldest child) studied at the Jesuit College, Stonyhurst, Lancashire (1841-47); with the Benedictines at Downside, near Bath (twelve months); at a Jesuit college at Brugelette, Belgium (three years), and at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici, Rome (from 1851). His health was poor, and-he was ordained priest (at Lucca, Oct. 28, 1854) eighteen months in advance of the regular time because
it was believed he could not live to reach the canonical age. After some months of travel, he returned to England (autumn, 1855) as vice-president of St. Edmund’s College, Ware (near Hertford), at that time the chief Roman Catholic school and theological seminary of the south of England. Avowedly a disciple of Dr. Manning (later cardinal), and one of six who joined him in introducing the Oblates of St. Charles in England, he became involved in controversies of the time, which made his position at St. Edmund’s delicate and ultimately forced his retirement (autumn, 1861). Another period of illhealth followed, during which he was animated by fervent zeal for the cause of foreign missions. The very characteristic outcome was a tour of the Americas (California via the Isthmus of Panama, and Peru, Chili, and Brazil via Cape Horn), Dec., 1863- July, 1864, to beg (literally) for funds to establish a missionary college in England. He came home with £11,000 cash, and founded St. Joseph’s College at Mill Hill, opened Mar. 1, 1866, with one student and one professor (Vaughan). He acted as rector of St. Joseph’s until 1872, when he was made bishop of Salford (Manchester). His interest in St. Joseph’s, however, never abated; he continued its practical head long after he became bishop, served as superior-general of its missionaries, and chose to go there to die. The first graduates (four in number) were sent to the negroes of the United States, Vaughan accompanying them to Baltimore (Nov., 1871), and then making a tour of the southern states to study conditions there. He established feedingcolleges in Lancashire, Holland, and the Tyrol, and lived to see his missionaries—who go forth as priests, vowed never to leave their field of labor, even for a temporary visit home—at work not only in the United States, but also in the Philippines, Uganda, Madras, New Zealand, Borneo, Labuan, the Kongo basin, Kashmir, and Kafiristan. In 1892 he succeeded Manning as archbishop of Westminster (enthroned May 8; invested Aug. 16), and was made cardinal at Rome Jan. 19, 1893. Cardinal Vaughan is classed as an Ultramontane. He was accounted hard, narrow, and intolerant. Undoubtedly he was a man of strong convictions and pushed theories to their logical conclusions with a rare consistency. He was impetuous to a fault. His virtues—devotion to duty, sparing neither self nor others, energy, resolution, and administrative ability—were such as to emphasize his limitations. It may be doubted if his place in life was that for which he was best fitted either by natural gifts or training. The characterization of him as an “‘ ecclesiastical Cecil Rhodes’ isnot inapt. He would have been preeminent as an empire-builder or leader in the commercial world. He lacked the broad sympathies, the adaptability, the scholarship, and all the finer intellectual powers and graces so desirable in a prelate. Yet he organized his Manchester diocese to an exemplary efficiency, and in fourteen years reduced its debt by £65,000. He built the cathedral of Westminster in the short space of a decade. His determination was proven early in his Manchester incumbency by a successful contest with the Jesuits, who attempted to work in his diocese independent of his jurisdiction. A little later, when
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