THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Germany about 750 and became abbess of the cloister on the death of her brother in 761. Her remains were removed by Bishop Otgar (847-880) to Hichstatt, and by her tomb arose the foundation of St. Walpurgis which Bishop Heribert formed into a nunnery in the eleventh century. In 893 Bishop Erchanbald carried some of her relics to the monastery of Monheim, north of Donauwérth. Several festivals were celebrated in her honor: Aug. 4 as the day of her leaving England; Feb. 25 as the day of her death; and May 1 [the date of an earlier non- Christian festival, marking the commencement of summer; it is on this date that, according to legend, the witches have their annual assemblage]. (A. Hauck.) BrstioGRAPHy: On the sources consult: T. D. Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to . . . Great Britain and Ireland, i. 1, p. 486, in Rolls Series, no. 26, London, 1862. A number of the earliest sources (Vita, miracula, ete.) are collected with commentary in ASB, Feb., iii, 511-569, part of the same materials being also in MPL, cxxix. 867-894, cxl. 1091-1102, and in MGH, Script. xv (1887), 535-555. Consult further: J. Lespagnol, Hist. notable de la conversation des Anglais, Douay, : 1614; idem, Hist. de la vie et des miracles de S. Vaubourg, Reims, 1612; E. L. Rochholz, Drei Gaugéttinnen, Leipsic, 1870; A. Schneider, Walburga eine Zierde frommer Jungfrauen, Regensburg, 1880; F. Schanerte, Die heilige Aebtissin Walburga, Paderborn, 1892; J. Schlecht, in Sammelblatt des historischen Vereins Hichstatt, pp. 111-122, Hichstatt, 1893; DNB, lix. 9; Rettberg, KD, ii. 359; Hauck, KD, i. 537 sqq.
WALSH, JAMES HORNIDGE: Church of Ireland; b. at Calverston, Mullingar (47 m. w.n.w. of Dublin), Ireland, Apr. 13, 1837. He received his education at Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1859; M.A., 1864; B.D., 1872; D.D., 1876); was made deacon, 1860, and priest, 1861; was curate of Dundrum, 1860-61, of Adare, Limerick, 1861-64, and of St. Stephen’s, Dublin, 1864-66; rector of Chapel Russell, Limerick, 1866-70; of St. Stephen’s, Dublin, 1871-1908, serving meanwhile as assistant to Archbishop King’s divinity professor, 1877-83, canon of Christ Church, Dublin, 1893-1905, chancellor of Christ Church, Dublin, 1905-08; as prebendary of Croagh in Limerick Cathedral, 1870- 1905, and as private and examining chaplain to the bishop of Limerick, 1899-1905. In 1908 he became dean of Christ Church, Dublin.
WALTER OF ST. VICTOR: French theologian of the twelfth century and prior of the monastery of St. Victor. Nothing is known concerning him except that he wrote an impassioned attack on the modernistic theology of his time, his work usually being termed Contra novas hereses libri quatuor (the frequent designation, after a sentence in the introduction, Contra quatuor labyrinthos Francie, is incorrect). According to internal evidence, he wrote between 1180 and 1190, but of the other works attributed to him only the Magistri Walteri dialogus querens quid sentiat Hugo de anima Christi can seriously be considered. ‘The Contra hereses is instructive for the history of the conflict aroused by the rise of a scientific theology based on dialectic methods. In the Christology of his opponents Walter discerned the Nestorian heresy; in their interpretation of the incarnation they denied the possibility of a change in the Godhead, assuming that the Logos, whose hu-
manity they doubted, had for purposes of revelation assumed the man Jesus like a mantle. Their wavering and unclear theories were offensive to Walter, who held, with the Fathers, to one person and two natures, and maintained that Christ as God was born of the Father and as man of the virgin, and yet was one person.
Walter was in accord with the satisfaction theory of Anselm, but rejected Berengar’s Eucharistic doctrine; and he also taught the doctrine of the immaculate conception. Philosophy and dialectics, he held, came from the devil, and his opinion of scientific theology was equally uncomplimentary, his own solution of all problems being authority. Large portions of his chief work are contained in MPL, cxcix. 1180 sqq. (R. SEEBERG.)
Brsuiograpuy: Denifle, in ALKG, i. 404-417; A. Planck, in TSK, 1844, pp. 823-864; Histoire littéraire de la France, xiv. 549 sqq.; H. F. Reuter, Geschichte der religidsen Aufklirung im Mittelalter, ii. 15 sqq., Sondershausen, 1877; KL, xii. 1206-07.
WALTER, val’ter, FRANZ XAVER: German Roman Catholic; b. at Amberg (36 m. e. of Nuremberg), Bavaria, Feb. 7, 1870. He was educated at the University of Munich (1888-93; Th.D., 1896), where he became privat-docent in 1899; in 1903 he was called to Strasburg as professor of moral theology, but in the following year returned to Munich in a similar capacity, which position he still holds. He has written Das Higentum nach der Lehre des heiligen Thomas von Aquin und des Sozialismus (Freiburg, 1895); Soztalpolitik wnd Moral (1899); Die Propheten in ihrem sozialen Beruf und das Wirtschaftsleben ihrer Zeit (1900); Sozialismus und moderne Kunst (1901); Der Aberglaube mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Phiinomene des Hypnotismus und Spiritismus (Paderborn, 1904); Theorie und Praxis in der Moral (1905); Kapitalismus, Sozialismus und Christentum (Munich, 1906); Primiz, Erntefest und Erstlingsfrucht des Priesters (1907); Die sexuelle Erklirung der Jugend (1908); Das kirchliche Lehramt und seine Bedeutung fiir die Kultur und soziale Wohlfahrt der Gegenwart (1908); and Der Leib und sein Recht im Christentum (1910).
WALTER, JOHANNES WILHELM VON: German Protestant; b. at St. Petersburg, Russia, Oct. 26, 1876. He was educated at the universities of Dorpat (1894-99), Leipsic (1899-1900), and Gottingen (1900-01); became privat-docent for historical theology at Géttingen (1901); and extraordinary professor of church history at Breslau, 1909. In theology he belongs to the modern positive school, and has written Das Leben Roberts von Arbrissel (Géttingen, 1901); Die ersten Wanderprediger Frankreichs (2 vols., Leipsic, 1903-06); Das Wesen der Religion nach Erasmus und Luther (1906); Die Absolutheit des Christentums und die Mission (1906); Franz von Assisi und die Nachahmung Christi (1910); and F'rauenlos und Frauenarbeit in der Geschichte des Christums (1911); and edited Erasmus de libero arbitrio dvatpiBy (1910). He is also editor of Die Theologie der Gegenwart (1907 sqq.)
WALTERS, CHARLES ENSOR: English Methodist; b. at Milborne Port (10 m. s.e. of Ilchester), Somersetshire, Dec. 18, 1872. He was educated at