THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
located by Palmer at al-Zebeta, by Robinson at al- Zafa on the border of Edom. The wilderness of Sin lay south of Kadesh, between it and the wilderness of Paran. The latter is made by the narratives the place of the long wandering, and is to be sought west of the Edomitic boundary. Of the period spent there hardly anything is known—there was placed the rebellion of Korah. In the later conceptions of the Hebrews, the double halt of their forefathers at Kadesh was the fast fact. Mount Hor, where Aaron died (Num. xx. 22-29), is, according to the context, to be sought not far from Kadesh, and not in the neighborhood of Petra; Deut. x. 6 sqq. puts his death at Mosera, which may possibly be Jebel Madara, northeast from Kadesh. Oboth (Num. xxi. 10-11, xxxiii. 43) is located by Wetzstein at the watering-places ‘Ain al-Webe on the western slope of Wadi ‘Arabah south of the Dead Sea; but Num. xxxiii. 43 places it near Phunon (Khirbet Fenan), on the opposite side of the wadi. The location is not certain, but both supposed sites indicate passage through the wadi. Ije-abarim (Num. xxi. 11, xxxiii. 44-45) shows the people already in Moab; it may correspond to Khirbet ‘Aij, between Katrabba (Kafrabba) and el-Kerak.
Bound up in the texture of the narrative of P is a chronology which makes frequent mention of forty _ years. This period as the length of the wandering
is surely older than the age of the au- 6. Chronol- thor of this document, appearing in E ogy and the and D (Josh. xiv. 7, 10; Deut. viii. Route. 2,4). In the present text this period is reckoned in various ways; from the march from Kadesh to the end of the desert (Num. xiv. 33, xxxili. 88); or from the departure from Egypt (Ex. xii. 2 sqq., xvi. 1, xl. 1,17; Num. x. 11; Deut. i. 3), which would make the period from the leaving of Kadesh thirty-eight years. Sometimes the reckoning is not completed, perhaps because it did not agree with other data (Ex. xix. 1; Num. xx. 1), but perhaps because the reckoning of forty years was a later conception. This conception is worked out into a schematic (i.e., unhistorical) form in Num. xXxxil., making the stations impliedly agree with the number of the years of the wandering. Of the events of these years little is known; the rebellion of Korah, the opening of the springs at Kadesh, and the death of Aaron are all. This lack of material best fits in with the supposition that the forty years were not in the original tradition. As to E and D it is to be noted that the former (Ex. xiii. 17 sqq.) declares that God did not lead the ; people by the way of the Philistines, but by the way of the Red Sea (q.v.); the other reports of the wandering are given in Deut. iti. The road to the “mountain of the Amorites ”’ (Deut. i. 19) leads out of the desert south of the Negeb, out of the desert of Paran, to the north via Kadesh toward Beersheba and Hebron. The way to the Red Sea (i. 40, ii. 1) led from Kadesh through the desert to Elath. The ‘‘ way of the plain” (ii. 8) leads (verses 3-4) north through the region of the Edomites. Thence the march was eastward or northeastward after leaying the Wadi ‘Arabah to the wilderness of Moab and the brook Zered (verse 13). See Israr., His- Tory or, I, § 4. (H. Gurus.)
BreuiocrapHy: E. Naville, in the Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Fund, Nos. 1, 3, for 1883-84; C. Forster, Israel in the Wilderness, London, 1865; W. H. Bartlett, Forty Days in the Desert on the Track of the Israelites, new ed., London, 1867; E. H. Palmer, The Desert of the Exodus, part ii., chaps. 1-5, 2 vols., London, 1871; S. C. Bartlett, From Egypt to Palestine through Sinai, the Wilderness, and the South Country, New York, 1879; G. Ebers, Durch Gosen zum Sinai, Leipsic, 1881; H.-C. Trumbull, Kadesh-Barnea, New York and London, 1884; M. J. Lagrange, in Revue biblique, ix (1900), 66 sqq., 286 sqq., 447 saq.; C. Steuernagel, Hinwanderung der israelitischen Stimme, Leipsic, 1900; E. Meyer, Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstimme, pp. 1 sqa., Halle, 1906; Bonhoff, in TSK, 1907, pp. 159 sqq.; A. Musil, Arabia Petrea (text), vols. i—ii., Vienna, 1907— 1908; O. A. Toffteen, Researches in Biblical Archeology, vol. ii., The Historic Exodus, Chicago, 1909; L. Schneller, Durch die Wiistezum Sinai. In Moses Spuren vom Schilfmeer bis zum Nebo, Leipsic, 1909; EB, iv. 5256-61; JE, xii. 520-521; the literature under Srnai, and the commentaries on the Biblical books named in the text.