RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Warner Water Supply in Palestine
was also professor of philosophy in Willamette University in the same city. Theologically he is conservative, and besides being long a correspondent of The Northern Christian Advocate (Syracuse, N. Y.) has published a number of hymns and poems.
WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO: Afro- American educator; b. near Halesford, Franklin County, Va., 1858 or 1859. He was graduated from Hampton Institute, Hampton, Va., in 1875 and subsequently studied at Wayland Seminary, Washington, D. C. In 1880-81 he was a teacher at Hampton Institute, and since the latter year has been principal of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, Tuskegee, Ala. In this position he has shown himself a master in the problem of the education and elevation of the negro race in America. He is a member of the National Municipal League, International Committee on the New Educational Movement, the American Peace Society, the Harmony Club of America, etc., and has written Future of the American Negro (Boston, 1899); Sowing and Reaping (1900); Up from Slavery (New York, 1901; new ed., 1910); Character Building (1902); Story of my Life and Work (1903); Working with the Hands (1904); Tuskegee and its People (1905); Putting the Most into Life (1906); Life of Frederick Douglass (Philadelphia, 1907); The Negro in Business (Chicago, 1907); and The Story of the Negro (New York, 1909), besides collaborating with W. E. B. Du Bois in The Negro in the South (Philadelphia, 1907).
WASSERSCHLEBEN, vdas’er-shlé’’ben, FRIED- RICH WILHELM HERMANN: German statesman and theologian; b. at Liegnitz (40 m. w.n.w. of Breslau) Apr. 22, 1812; d. at Giessen June 28, 1893. He studied at the universities of Breslau and Berlin; began to lecture at Berlin in 1838; became extraordinary professor at Breslau, 1850, and in 1850 ordinary professor at Halle, in both cases in the faculty of law; he removed to Giessen as professor in law in 1852, where he was rector in 1870-71 and chancellor, 1875-84. During life he held a State office, and so avoided unnecessary participation in political affairs, being on the commission which had supervision of the Hessian State Church. As amember of the national synod his voice had weight because of his researches into ecclesiastical law. His literary work commenced early. He published Beitrdge zur Geschichte der vorgratianischen Kirchenrechtsquellen (Leipsic, 1839); Reginonis abbatis Prumiensis libri duo de synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis (1840); two works on Pseudo- Isidore (Breslau, 1841-44); the comprehensive Die Beichtordnungen der abendlindischen Kirche nebst einer rechtsgeschichtlichen Einleitung (Halle, 1851); issued an edition of the Irish canons (Giessen, 1874); and besides these a host of smaller brochures dealing with various phases of church history and law. He was an advocate of entire freedom of the Church from the State (cf. his Die Paritét der Konfessionen im Staate, 1871, and his Bemerkungen zu dem offiziellen Entwurf einer Verfassung der evangelischen Kirche des Grossherzogtums Hessen, also 1871); while he entered into discussion of the relation of the State to marriage and divorce. Among other works of Wasserschleben, showing the extent of the interests
which absorbed his attention, are: Das Prinzip der Successionsordnung nach deutschem, winsbesondere stichsischem Rechte (Gotha, 1860); Das Prinzip der Erbenfolge nach den dlteren deutschen und verwandten Rechten (Leipsic, 1870); and a collection of sources for German law in Sammlung deutscher Rechtsquellen (Giessen, 1860 sqq.). (A. B. Scumipt.)
Brsutiograpuy: J. F. von Schulte, Geschichte der Quellen . . . des canonischen Rechts, iii. 2 and 3, p. 247; A. Schmidt, in Ludoviciana, pp. 71 sqq., Giessen, 1907; ADB, xli. 236.
WATER OF JEALOUSY. See Orpgat, § 7.
WATER, CONSECRATION OF, IN THE GREEK CHURCH: The consecration of water is a custom so early that its beginnings can not be traced. Cyprian (Hpist., Ixix. [Ixx. in Oxford ed.]; ANF, v. 376) mentions the requirement that the water of baptism be purified and sanctified by the priest, a requirement enforced by a synod at Carthage in 256; the water then became a miraculous agency. The Apostolic Constitutions (vii. 43; Eng. transl. in ANF, — vii. 477) preserve a prayer of thanksgiving for the water of baptism, the ceremony corresponding to the thanksgiving preceding the Lord’s Supper, though the conception hardly invaded the realm of dogmatics. Yet Ambrose and Augustine, as well as Chrysostom, held that water so blessed was restricted in its use to sacramental purposes. After the ninth century Holy Water (q.v.) became a permanent institution, the consecration of it at first taking place at the usual baptismal seasons at Easter, Whitsuntide, and Epiphany, and then later consecration for the year took place at Easter or Whitsuntide. The Greek Church used Epiphany for this ceremony, in commemoration of the baptism of Christ, and it has long been a tradition that water so treated would never become foul. The practise still continues and is accompanied with great solemnity, while the streams and sources of the water are also the objects of blessings and ceremonies in which processions have their part. The Greek Church observes a “ greater’ and a “ lesser ”’ sanctification of the water. The former takes place at Epiphany, either in the church porch or at the stream, and the liturgy recalls the early ecclesiastical symbolism. Homilies and sermons at this period bear upon the subject, and the mystical doctrines of the church center much on this season. The lesser consecration takes place before a vessel of water and is attended with incensing and touching of the water with a cross. The liturgy invokes the endowment of the water with power to heal soul and body. This corresponds to the employment of holy water in the Church of Rome.
(Pamper Mayer.) BisiiocRApHY: Bingham, Origines, XI., x.; J. Goar, Hucho-
logion, sive rituale Grecorum, pp. 353 sqq., 367, Paris, 1647;
J. M. Heineccius, Abbildung der alten und neuen griechi-
schen Kirche, ii. 244-247, Leipsic, 1711; J. C. W. Augusti,
Denkwiirdigkeiten, ii. 208, Leipsic, 1818; DCA, i. 777-779.
WATER SUPPLY IN PALESTINE: With the exception of Galilee or the plain of Jezreel, Palestine is insufficiently supplied with water. Moreover, since the dry season lasts nearly six months, the inhabitants have ever been urgently pressed to husband their natural water supplies. The sources of supply are as follows;
Water Supply in Palestine Watson