(I. BENZINGER.)
Brstiocrapuy: R. Hussey, Hssay on the Ancient Weights and Money, and the Roman and Greek Liquid Measures, with an Appendix on the Roman and Greek Foot, Oxford, 1836; A. Béckh, Metrologische Untersuchungen tiber Gewichte, Miinzfiisse und Masse des Altertums, Berlin, 1838; E. Bertheau, Zur Geschichte der Israeliten, Dissertation 2, Gottingen, 1842; O. Thenius, in TSK, 1846, parts 1-2; L. Fenner von Fennerberg, Untersuchungen tiber die Langen-, Feld,- und Wegmasse des Alterthums, Berlin, 1859; V. V. Queipo, Essai sur les systémes métriques et monetaires des anciens peuples, 3 vols., Paris, 1859; L. Herzfeld, Metrologische Voruntersuchungen zu einer Geschichte des israelitischen Handels, 2 parts, Leipsic, 1863- 1865; idem, Handelsgeschichte der Juden des Alterthums, pp. 171 sqq., Brunswick, 1879; J. Brandis, Miinz-, Mass-, und Gewichtwesen in Vorderasien, Berlin, 1864; ¥. Hultsch, Metrologicorum scriptorum reliquie, 2 vols., Berlin, 1864— 1866; idem, Griechische und rémische Metrologie, 2d ed., ib. 1882; idem, in the Abhandlungen of the Royal Saxon Academy of Sciences, iv (1899); B. Zuckermann, Das jiidische. Masssystem und seine Beziehungen zum griechischen und rémischen, Breslau, 1867; J. Oppert, L’ Ktalon des mesures assyriennes, Paris, 1875; C. R. Lepsius, in
the Abhandlungen of the Berlin Academy, 1882, nos. 39, 45; idem, Langenmasse der Alten, Berlin, 1884; C. Rodenbach, Metrologie. La Coudée, étalon linéaire des Egyptiens, Brussels, 1883; M. C. Soutzo, Htalons pondéraur primitifs, Paris, 1884; idem, Recherches sur les origines de quelques poids antiques, ib. 1895; L. Borchardt, in SBA, 1888, pp. 129-137; C. F. Lehmann, in the Verhandlungen of the Berlin Anthropological Society, 1889, pp. 245-328, 1891, pp. 515 sqq., 1893, pp. 25 sqq., 1898, pp. 216 sqq., 420 sqq.; idem, in the Actes of the Highth Congress of Orientalists, Leyden, 1889, sect. 1 B, pp. 165 sqq.; idem, in the Verhandlungen of the Berlin Physical Society, Berlin, 1889; H. Nissen, in Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, i (1892), 833-890; F. L. Griffith, in PSBA, xiv (1892), 403-450; W. Ridgeway, Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight-Standards, Cambridge, 1892; PEF, Quarterly Statements, 1892, pp. 289-290, 1897-99, passim; Mauss, in Revue archéologique, 1892-93; C. F. Howard, Tables of Hebrew Weights and Measures, Melbourne, 1896; R. Klimpert, Lexikon der Miinzen, Masse, Gewichte . . . aller Lander, Berlin, 1896; U. Wilcken, Griechische Ostraka, i. 438-480, Leipsic, 1899; Clermont- Ganneau, in Recueil d’archéologie orientale, iv. 1-2 (1900), 18 sqq.; A. E. Weigall, in PSBA, xxiii (1901), 378-395; C. H. W. Johns, Assyrian Deeds and Documents, vol. ii., chap. iii., London, 1901; W. Shaw-Caldecott, Biblical Archeology, ib. 1902; Sir C. Warren, The Ancient Cubit and our Weights and Measures, ib. 1903; J. A. Decourdemanche, T'raité des poids et mesures des peuples anciens et des Arabes, Paris, 1910; Schrader, KAT, pp. 337-342; Benzinger, Archdologie, pp. 188-204; Nowack, Archdologie, pp. 208-209; DB, iv, 901-913; HB, iv. 5292-99; JE, xii. 483-490; Vigouroux, Dictionnaire, fase. xxvi. 1042— 1045, xxxii. 482-488; and the literature under Money oF THE BIBLE.
WEIHBISCHOF: A suffragan, or assistant bishop, differing from a Coadjutor (q.v.) in having no power of independent jurisdiction. Such suffragans first arose in the seventh century, when, the oriental bishops being driven from their dioceses by the Saracens, the thirty-seventh canon of the Trullan Council of 692, supplementing the older canons (Constitutiones apostolice, canon xxxvili.; Council of Antioch [341] canon xviii.), safeguarded the rights of these prelates. Later, in the ninth and tenth centuries, their services were utilized in Spain by allowing them to assist in episcopal functions, in other regions, and new bishops were also consecrated for the dioceses which were in the power of the unbelievers (Mansi, Concilia, xviii. 183, 219; ef. BisHop, Trruuar). After the abrogation of the institution of the Chorepiscopus (q.v.), authority was accorded these bishops to discharge the duties of assistants in matters exclusively episcopal, thus doing away with the difficulty of securing such assistants or representatives, this difficulty arising from the eighth canon of the Nicene Council of 325, which allowed but one bishop to be consecrated for each diocese. The number of these exiled bishops increased, more especially in the fourteenth century, when the Latin dioceses founded in the orient after the Crusades had fallen into the hands of unbelievers, though bishops continued to be consecrated for these dioceses rather as a matter of principle than from any hope of soon regaining possession of the sees. Clement V., on account of the abuses which grew out of these conditions, made the nomination and consecration of such bishops directly dependent from the papal chair.
At first the auxiliary position of the suffragan bishops was only temporary, and they often changed the dioceses wherein they discharged their duties. Yet as early as the thirteenth century, the suffragans
Weihbischof Weiss