THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
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sought to obtain fuller powers, and they were successful in their efforts toward the end of the fifteenth century, when they were consecrated either for a long term or for life, with the assurance of a stated revenue.
These episcopi titulares (the title officially given them by Leo XIII. in 1881), formerly called episcopt in partibus infidelium (and also nullatenses, annulares), are bishops consecrated for a diocese formerly Roman Catholic, though at the time in the hands of unbelievers (though not of Protestants). They are appointed solely by the pope, and perform the same ceremonies and fulfil the same duties as do the regular bishops, and, since the Roman Curia holds strictly to the tradition that these suffragans really possess a diocese, they receive with their nomination a dispensation from residence in these dioceses. They have a seat and a vote in the general council, and are subject, like all other bishops, to the pope, and not to the diocesans in whose sees they reside.
The titular bishops are composed of the following classes: (1) Those who assist the diocesan bishops in the performance of episcopal functions (hence called vicarii in pontificalibus, episcopi auxiliares, or episcopt suffraganet). The suffragan can not, however, discharge episcopal functions merely by the direct nomination of the pope, for he must also be specifically commissioned by his diocesan both for special cases and for general assistance. By revocation on the part of the bishop of the diocese, or by the latter’s resignation or death, the prerogatives of the suffragan cease, but not his stipend, which can be revoked only by the pope or the Congregation of the Council. If, however, the new bishop desires to retain the suffragan as an assistant, he is obliged to remain. (2) The Greek bishops residing in Rome, San Benedetto di Ullano, and Palermo, who ordain Greek Uniate priests throughout Italy. (3) The principal army prelates, when the army is exempt from ordinary episcopal jurisdiction, as is the case in Austria. (4) The apostolic vicars in the missionary fields. (5) Lastly, the apostolic nuncios and some of the Roman prelates are usually appointed titular bishops or archbishops; and this promotion is also accorded to other ecclesiastics as an honorary distinction. Since titular bishops can draw no incomes from their sees, they are often permitted by papal indult to retain benefices ordinarily incompatible with episcopal consecration.
The Hungarian titular bishops differ from the others in that they are priests, and receive the title of bishop only from the king. In England the position of the suffragans was regulated by Henry VIII. in 1534, but none were nominated after 1592 until 1870, when a suffragan was appointed. Since then the institution has been revived. [In the American branch of the Anglican communion there is, at the present time, considerable agitation in favor of the creation of suffragan bishops as distinct from the bishops coadjutor, and such have been created. See Protestant Episcopaians, II., 1.]
(A. Hauck.) BrsitiograpHy: L. Thomassin, Vetus et nova ecclesie disciplina, I., i., chaps. 27-28, Paris, 1728; A. H. Andreucci,
De episcopo titulari seu in partibus infideliwm, Rome, 1732;
P. Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, ti. 171 sqq., Berlin, 1871;
Archiv fiir katholisches Kirchenrecht, xlvi. 201 saqq., li. 146.
WEINEL, vai’/nel, HEINRICH: German Protestant; b. at Vonhausen (a village near Biidingen, 27 m. n.e. of Frankfort), Hesse, Apr. 29, 1874. He was educated at the universities of Giessen and Berlin (Ph.D., Giessen, 1898) and at the seminary for preachers at Friedberg, Hesse. He became privatdocent in the University of Berlin in 1899, in the following year went to Bonn as privat-docent and inspector of the Evangelical theological foundation there. In 1904 he became extraordinary professor of New-Testament exegesis at the University of Jena, and ordinary professor in 1907. Besides editing the collection known as Lebensfragen, Schriften und Reden (Tiibingen, 1904 sqq.), he has written Die Wirkungen des Geistes und der Geister im nachapostolischen Zeitalter bis auf Irendus (Freiburg, 1899); Die Nichtkirchlichen und die freie Theologie (Tiibingen, 1903); Jesus im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (1903); Die Gleichnisse Jesu (Leipsic, 1904); Paulus, der Mensch und sein Werk: Die Entstehung der Kirche, des Christentums und des Dogmas (‘Tiibingen, 1904; Eng. transl. by G. A. Bienemann, St. Paul, the Man and his Work, London, 1906); Die urchristliche und die heutige Mission (1907); Die Stellung des Urchristentum zum Staat (1908); Ibsen, Bjérnson, Nietzsche, Individualismus und Christentum (1908); Jst das liberale Jesubild widerlegt ? (1910); and Biblische Theologie des Neuen Testaments (1911).
WEINGARTEN, = vain’gar’’ten, HERMANN: Church historian; b. at Berlin Mar. 12, 1834; d. at Pépelwitz Sanitarium, near Breslau, Apr. 25, 1892. His determination to be a theologian, settled when he was but twelve years of age, was in part a result of influences arising in the family of his mother, her father being interested in the Berlin controversy concerning hymn-books, and her uncle being the missionary to the Hottentots, Leonhard Ebner, at whose house Hermann met many returned missionaries. Hermann received his early education in Berlin, then went in 1853 to Jena and Berlin for his theological studies, at the latter place taking his licentiate in 1857. The same year he received permission to teach in the theological faculty of Jena, and in 1858 became teacher at the Joachimsthal Gymnasium, giving instruction in religion, Hebrew, German, French, and geography, and making a reputation as an excellent teacher; this post he combined with work as privat-docent at Berlin, and then became teacher at a Realschule in Berlin, going in 1873 as ordinary professor to Marburg, though he had in 1872 become subject to a nervous complaint from which he never recovered; in 1876 he was called to Breslau, where he labored till in 1886 he was stricken with paralysis, which practically ended his life-work.
His literary work began with his ‘“ programs ”’ issued while he was at Berlin in 1861 and 1864. He was the author of Pascal als Apologet des Christenthums (Leipsic, 1863); Das Wunder der Erscheinung Christi (1867), a criticism of Strauss’ Leben Jesu fiir deutsche Volk, which can hardly become antiquated, so full is it of historical knowledge; Die Revolutionskirchen Englands (1868), in which a beginning was made of using in Germany the work of Carlyle; and especially of the Zeittafellen und Ueberblicke zur