THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
a
which recall early Pietistic tendencies such as are represented at Herrnhut, which stress simple edification based upon the Bible; (2) the
Societies Michelians (see Hann, JoHann MI-
and Sects. CHAEL), among whom there is a mixture of speculative-theosophical teachings with an ascetic tendency, and withal a somewhat firm organization; (3) the Pregizerians (q.v.), whose influence is not altogether favorable, indeed rather ‘the reverse, to the churches. Among the sects which have entered the kingdom the Methodists take precedence, two bodies being represented, the American Methodist Episcopal and the Evangelical Association; they have their preachers, chapels, regular services, Sunday-schools, and literature. In 1905 they numbered 5,442. Other denominations are Baptists with 1,832 communicants, New Irvingites with 1,375, Mennonites with 277, and Friends of Jerusalem with 244. There are also Adventists, Mormons, and the Salvation Army. In 1905 the total number belonging to various denominations was 10,426.
The Roman Catholic Church has existed in W iirttemberg only since the beginning of the nineteenth century, the entrance being made through enlarge-
ment of the territory, about 500,000
The Roman people with 650 pastors being included Catholic in what was then entirely Evangelical Church. territory. The basis of the present-.organization of that communion consists
of the bulls of Aug. 16, 1821, and April 11, 1827, the document of May 14, 1828, and the royal ordinance of Jan. 30, 1830. A new bishopric, Rottenburg, was erected with Rottenburg-on-the- Neckar as see-city, and the first bishop was enthroned May 20, 1828. The constitution of 1819 gave the bishop, a representative of the chapter, and the ranking dean seats in the chamber of deputies. This arrangement was abrogated in 1906, when a representative of the bishop and an elected dean were given seats in the first chamber. The legal basis is now the law of Jan. 30, 1862, a part of which is the provision that spiritual orders may be introduced only by express permission of the civil government. As yet monks have been refused admission, though several congregations of women are at work. The number of pastorates and other clerical positions among the Roman Catholics is given as 1,008, or one to every 690 Roman Catholics.
(E. WITTICH.)
Bisiiocrapuy: Bibliographie der wiirttembergischen Geschichte, Stuttgart, 1908; T. Hisenlohr and A. L. Reyscher, Sammlung der wiirttembergischen Kirchengesetze, vol. ix., 2 parts, Tiibingen, 1834-35; F. A. Hauber, Recht und Brauch der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche W iirttembergs, Stuttgart, 1854; L. Golther, Der Staat und die katholische Kirche in Wiirttemberg, ib. 1874; ©. Palmer, Die Gemeinschaften und Sekten W iirttembergs, Tiibingen 1877; O. Schmid-Sonneck, Die evangelische Diaspora Wiirttembergs nach Entstehung und gegenwirtigen Bestand Stuttgart, 1879; K. Helfferich, Chronik der evangelischen Kirche Wiirttembergs, ib. 1880; C. H. Klaiber, Urkund- Wiche Geschichte der reformirten Gemeinden Cannstatt- Stutigart-Ludwigsburg, ib. 1884; L. Haug, Die evangelischen Kirchenstellen in Wiirttemberg, ib. 1886; W. Claus Wiirttembergische Viter, 2 vols., ib. 1887-88; GC. Bothene hausler, Der Untergang der katholischen Religion in Altwiirttemberg, Leutkirch, 1887; HE. Schneider, Wiirttembergische Reformationsgeschichte, Stuttgart, 1887; P. W Keppler, Wiirttembergs kirchliche Kunstalterthiimer, Ree
tenburg, 1888; S. von Steinheil, Gesetze und Verfiigungen iiber die Kirchengemeinden...in der... Landeskirche Wirttembergs, Stuttgart, 1890; Wauirttembergische Geschichte, Calw, 1893; D. Schafer, Wiirttembergische Geschichtsquellen, Stuttgart, 1894 sqq.; G. Bossert, Das Interim in Wiirttemberg, Halle, 1895; T. Brecht, Die Klosterfrage in Wiirttemberg, Stuttgart, 1895; H. Giinther, Das Restitutionsedikt von 1629 und die katholische Restauration Altwirtembergs, ib. 1901; M. Erzberger, Die Sakularization in Wiirttemberg von 1802-10, ib. 1902; E. Kalb, Kirchen,und Sekten der Gegenwart, 2d ed., ib. 1907; C. Kolb, Die Aufklirung in der wiirttembergischen Kirche, ib. 1908. ie
WUERTTEMBERG SUMMARIES. See Bisuzs,
ANNOTATED.
WUERZBURG, viirts’burH, BISHOPRIC OF: One of the largest of the sees of central Germany. Originally a part of the Thuringian kingdom, the district about the central course of the Main became Frankish by the victory of Theuderich I. in 531, and the Thuringian forest became the boundary between the Franks and Thuringians. The region was thinly populated and wholly by non-Christians until the Frankish immigration. The bishop of Mainz seems to have claimed jurisdiction over it in the seventh century; under Dagobert (623-634) it was closely connected with his kingdom, but he made it a duchy, and under his successor Sigibert III. it separated from the kingdom. Celtic missionaries worked there so that in the beginning of the eighth century it was partly Christianized, but not organized ecclesiastically, though there were a number of monasteries of Frankish origin. Through the activities of St. Boniface (q.v.) after 719 the remains of heathenism were eradicated and ecclesiastical organization was effected in 741. The first bishop was his pupil Burchard, who had followed him from England, and the see was constituted by Pope Zacharias Apr. 1, 748, since which time it has continued to exist. The land of the Wends was formerly included within the limits of the diocese, but was separated when the bishopric of Bamberg was instituted (q.v.; 1007). (A. Hauck.) BrpitioGcRaPHy: Sources are Monumenta Boica, vols. xxxvii—
xlv., Munich, 1864 sqq.; the ‘‘ Annals”? and ‘* Chron-
icles”’ of Wtrzburg, in MGH, Script., vols. ii (1829), vi
(1844), xvi (1859), xxiv (1879), also the list of bishops in
xiii (1881), 337-340; Wirtembergische Urkundenbuch, 8
vols., Stuttgart, 1849 sqq.; J. P. von Ludewig, Geschichts-
schretber von dem Bischofthum Wiirzburg, Leipsic, 1713;
J. Gropp, Collectio novissima scriptorum et rerum Wirce-
burgensium, 2 vols., Frankfort, 1741-44. Consult further:
J. G. von Eckart, Commentarii de rebus . . . episcoporum
Wircebergensium, 2 vols., Wiirzburg, 1729; A. Ussermann,
Episcopatus Wirciburgensis, St. Blasien, 1794; F. Stein,
Geschichte Frankens, 2 vols., Schweinfurt, 1883-86; J.
Hofmann, Die Heiligen und Seligen des Bisthums W iirz-
burg, Wiirzburg, 1889; F. J. B. Stamminger, Franconia
Sacra, 3 parts, Wiirzburg, 1889-97; J. Baier, Geschichte
der beiden Karmelitenkléster in Wiirzburg, ib. 1902; S.
Gobl, Wiirzburg, 5th ed., ib., 1904; A. F. Ludwig, Weih-
bischof Zirkel von Wiirzburg, 2 vols., Paderborn 1904-06;
K. Wild, Staat und Wirtschaft in den Bistiimern W iirz-
burg und Bamberg, . . . 1729-46, Heidelberg, 1906; Rett-
berg, KD, ii. 313 sqq.; Hauck, KD, vols. i-iv.
WULFRAM: Bishop of Sens near the end of the seventh century. Little is known of him except that his relics were raised in 704, the probability being that he died in 695. Two biographies exist, a shorter one in ASB, March, iii. 143 sqq., the other and longer in ASM, iii. 1, pp. 340 sqq. It was long thought that the second arose from the first through