RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Wuerttemberg Wurster
interpolation, the first containing nothing impossible of belief, apart from the miracles. But Levison (NA, xxv. 601 sqq.) has shown that the shorter is but a condensation of the first or an excerpt from it, and that neither is a primary source. (A. Hauck.) BreuiocrapHy: The early material is collected in ASB, Mar., iii, 143-165. Consult: Histoire littéraire de la France, vii. 512; A. Kluit, Num S. Wulfrannus .. . regem aqua baptismt initiare potuit, in his Hist. critica comitatus Hollandie@ et Zeelandie, i. 2, pp. 1 sqq., Middelburg, 1777; J. Ghesquiére, Acta sanctorum Belgii, vi. 485 sqq., Brussels, 1794; L. M. Duru, Bibliotheque historique de l’Yonne, i. 184-188, Auxerre, 1850; A. Thijm, Der heilige Willibrord, pp. 94 sqq., Minster, 1863; G. La Vieille, Abrégé de la vie . . . de S. Wulfran, Rouen, 1876; W. Glaister, Life and Times of St. Wulfram, London, 1878; A. Molinier, Les Sources de V’hist. de France, i. 140-141, Paris, 1901; Legris, in Analecta Bollandiana, xvii. 287 sqq.; Levison, in NA, xxv. 601 sqq.; Rettberg, KD, ii. 514-517; DCB, iv. 1195; KUL, xii. 1810-11. WULFSTAN: Bishop of Worcester; b. at Long Itchington (a village near Warwick) in or before 1012; d. at Worcester Jan. 18, 1095. Educated in the monastic schools at Evesham and Peterborough, he was ordained between 1033 and 1038, and, preferring the regular to the secular clergy, he was professed in the cathedral monastery, where he ultimately rose to be prior. After considerable reluctance, due to his excessive modesty, Wulfstan was consecrated, Sept. 8, 1062, bishop of Worcester by Aldred, archbishop of York, who had been obliged by the pope to promise to resign the see of Worcester. Despite this, it was some time before Wulfstan could induce Aldred to resign the temporalities of the diocese, and even then the archbishop retained no less than twelve estates properly belonging to the bishopric of Worcester. After the successful issue of the Norman invasion, Wulfstan made his submission to William the Conqueror, and at the council of 1070 again petitioned for the possession of the estates, which were in the royal possession during the vacancy of the archdiocese of York in consequence of Aldred’s death. Two years later the request was granted through the influence of Lanfranc (q.v.), although this prelate had at first sought to have Wulfstan deprived of his see because of insufficient education. The bishop of Worcester ultimately became the friend of the new archbishop of York, Thomas, as well, despite the fact that Worcester had been detached from the province of York, probably to the satisfaction of Wulfstan, and had been transferred to its present connection with the province of Canterbury. Himself ascetic, humble, and devout, Wulfstan insisted on the observance of the same virtues on the part of his monks, and he was equally rigid in the performance of his episcopal duties. He built or restored many churches, some of his work being still preserved in the crypt and other parts of the cathedral of Worcester, and as a preacher and confessor he was highly esteemed. He successfully ended the slave-traffic in Bristol, where even William the Conqueror had failed, and he was beloved by English and Normans alike. He remained loyal to the king throughout, helping to hold Worcester for William Rufus against the rebels in 1088, and in 1085 he assisted the Worcestershire commissioners in taking their survey for Domesday. He was too infirm to
attend the consecration of Anselm (q.v.) as arch-
bishop of Canterbury in 1093, but early in the next
year he was asked, as the only survivor of the pre-
Norman episcopate, to decide a dispute between
Anselm and Maurice, bishop of London, his verdict
being in the archbishop’s favor.
Wulfstan was popularly reckoned a saint from the day of his death,:but he was not canonized until 1203, his day being Jan. 19. His shrine in Worcester cathedral was melted in 1216 to furnish money demanded for the convent, and two years later his body was translated to a new shrine when the restored cathedral was dedicated.
BrsiiocrRapHy: The earliest lives, some of them going back to the period of their subject, are collected most fully in ASB, Jan., ii. 238-249, cf. ib., May, vi. 79; some are in ASM, vi. 2, pp. 840-865; and one is in MPL, clxxix. 1734-72; others are in H. Wharton, Anglia sacra, i. 541—- 542, ii. 241-270, London, 1691. Consult further: W. F. Hook, in the Archeological Journal, xx (1863), 1-28; DNB, \xiii. 174-176.
WUNDT, WILHELM: German philosopher; b. at Neckerau (now a part of Mannheim, 11 m. n.w. of Heidelberg) Aug. 16, 1832. He obtained his education at the universities of Tiibingen, Heidelberg, and Berlin, 1851-56; became privat-docent at Heidelberg in physiology, 1857, and extraordinary professor, 1864; was elected to the legislative chamber of Baden, 1866; became extraordinary professor at Zurich, 1874; and professor of philosophy at Leipsic, 1875, where he was rector, 1889-90. In the realm of psychology his contributions have been notable. Of works which are of interest in theology, or because of their relation to the subject, notice may be taken of his Vorlesungen tiber die Menschen- und Thierseele (2 vols., Leipsic, 1863, 4th ed., 1906; Eng. transls., Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology, London, 1894, 1896, and 1901); Die physikalischen Azxiome und thre Beziehung zum Causalprinzip (Erlangen, 1866); Grundztige der physiologischen Psychologie (Leipsic, 1873-74, 6th ed., 1910; Eng. transl., Principles of Physiological Psychology, London, 1904); Ueber die Aufgabe der Philosophie in der Gegenwart (Leipsic, 1874); Der Spiritismus. Hine sogenannte wissenschaftliche Frage (1879); Logik (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1880-83); Philosophische Studien (1883 sqq.); Hthik. Hine Untersuchung der Thatsachen und Gesetze des sittlichen Lebens (1886, 2d. ed., 2 vols., 1903; Eng. transl., Hthics, 3 vols., London, 1897-1901, and Ethical Systems, London, 1897, and 1902; also, Facts of the Moral Life, ib., 1902; and Principles of Morality and Departments of Moral Life, ib., 1901); Grundriss der Psychologie (Leipsic, 1896, 8th ed., 1907; Eng. transl., Outlines of Psychology, London, 1902); Vdélkerpsychologie (2 vols., 1904-05, ee 1910); and Kleine Schriften, 2 vols. (1910-