WUNEBALD (WINEBALD).
WURSTER, PAUL: German theologian; b. at Hohenstaufen (26 m. e. of Stuttgart) Dec. 6, 1860. He studied at the seminaries of Schéntal and Urach, and at the University of Tiibingen; after a year given to work in philanthropic institutions, he spent some time in travel; he was pastor at Heilbronn, 1888-1903; dean at Blaubeuren, 1903; and professor and director of the preachers’ seminary at Friedberg in Hesse, 1903-07. He has written Gustav
See WILLEBALD.
Wuttke Wyclif
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
eS ea
Werners Leben und Werken (Reutlingen, 1888); Segen und Wohlthuns (Heilbronn, 1891); Die Lehre von der Innern Mission (Berlin, 1894-95); and Christliche Glaubens- und Sittenlehre (Heilbronn, 1896).
WUTTKE, vut/ke, KARL FRIEDRICH ADOLF: German Lutheran theologian; b. at Breslau Nov. 10, 1819; d. at Halle Apr. 12, 1870. He received his education i in his native city, the principal factors there being August Hahn (q.v.) in theology and Karl Julius Braniss in philosophy; he was for some years a private teacher, and for a year was editor of a conservative magazine; became a lecturer in the University of Breslau, treating logic, psychology, and history of philosophy; was made extraordinary professor of theology at Berlin in 1854, lecturing upon New-Testament exegesis, dogmatics, ethics, and symbolics; in 1861 he was called as professor to Halle, where he spent the rest of his life. He was interested in politics, and served as a member of the house of deputies, coining the somewhat famous epigram: No democrat can be a Christian and no Christian can be a democrat. The works of theo-
logical interest coming from his pen are: Abhandlung diber die Cosmogonie der heidnischen V élker vor der Zeit Jesu und der Apostel (The Hague, 1850); Geschichte des Heidenthums in Beziehung auf Religion, Wissen, Kunst, Sittlichkeit und Staatsleben (Breslau, 1851- 1853), a pioneer work in the domain of comparative religion; Der deutsche Volksaberglaube der Gegenwart (Hamburg, 1860); and his principal work, Handbuch der christlichen Sittenlehre (2 vols., Berlin, 1862;
Eng. transl., Christian Ethics, 2 vols., New York,
1873), in a field little cultivated by theologians at that time. In his theology Wuttke was a defender of Lutheran orthodoxy, though in his work he was not one-sided either as a Biblical or as a confessional theologian. While he did not take foremost rank as a thinker, he was regarded as one of the most philosophical and learned of the defenders of the Lutheran standards. He was interested and active in support of home and foreign missions, as well as in fortifying and supporting the work of pastors.
(L. ScHuuZzz.) Brspuiocrapuy: Hvangelische Kirchenzeitung, 1870, pp. 708
sqaq.; the sketch by L. Schulze in Wuttke’s Sittenlehre, vol. i., pp. ili. sqq., 3d ed., Leipsic, 1874; ADB, vol. xliv.
WYCLIF, JEN:
I. His Life. His Family and Ko a iD), University Career (§ 2 Early Appian (§ Is). ie Bases of his Reformatory Activities
(§ 4). stant
Beginning of Political Career (§ 5).
Growth of Anti-Curial Tendencies
(§ 6). Public Declaration of his Ideas (§ 7). Conflict with the Church Opened (§8).
I. His Life: John Wyclif, the most prominent of the Reformers before the Reformation, was born at Ipreswell (the modern Hipswell; 44 m. n.w. of York), Yorkshire, England, perhaps between 1320 and 1330; d. at Lutterworth (12 m. s. of Leicester) Dec. 31, 1884. His eminence rests not only upon his works, which still have influence, but upon his ecclesiastical activities. Although the Reformers of the sixteenth century knew and valued his life and works, his fame has grown largely in modern times, which have brought his productions into more complete knowledge, these in former times having suffered eclipse and long rested unknown. It is true that many a riddle still proposes itself concerning the course of his life and activities, and that many events occurring during his academical period are still involved in obscurity; but at least enough is known to make secure the rank he takes among the men who foreshadowed the Reformation, together with the reasons for this preeminence.
Wyclif seems to be the best form of the name. The family from which he came was of early Saxon
origin, long settled in Yorkshire; it
1. His became extinct in the first half of the Family nineteenth century, remaining true to and Youth. the Church of Rome until the end. In his day the family was a large one, and
covered a considerable territory, and its principal seat was Wycliffe-on-Tees, of which Ipreswell was an outlying hamlet. His birth-year is not noted in contemporary sources, and the data afforded by his writings are so general that no secure conclusions
Papal Condemnation (§ 9 Sharpening of the Contact (§ 10). Etovemeae Regarding Royal Power
Athtade toward the Papacy Con- (§ 12).
Attack on Monasticism (§ 1 Relation to the English ae Gs 14). Activity as a Preacher i 15 Anti-Wyclif Synod (§ 16). The O Last Days (§ 17). Personality (§ 18).
II. Wyclif’s Doctrines. His System a Development (§ 1). Basal Positions in Philosophy @ 2). Attitude toward Speculation (§ 3). Doctrine of He ae (§ 4). Theology and Christology (§ 5). Will, Evil, Faith, Salvation (§ 6). Doctrine of the Church (69705 The Eucharist (§ 8).
ther Sacraments (§ 9
Wyclifism after Wyclif (§ 16)
can be based upon them. Yet they seem to indicate that his birth-year is to be reckoned rather before 1320 than after.* His childhood and youth fall in a period when England was winning increasing regard abroad, and when the ecclesiastical-political position of the land was marked by a leadership in influence which did not seem likely to diminish. Wyclif probably received his early training in the neighborhood of his home. No reports are left to determine when he first went to Oxford, with which he was so closely connected till the end of his life. While 2. Univer- it is certain that mere lads were ensity Career. rolled at the universities of the Middle Ages, such cases were exceptions. The normal,curriculum of the universities of the period is well known (see UNIVERSITIES), and consequently the university course of Wyclif is also approximately known. ‘The time when he was at Oxford was about 1345, and then a series of shining names was adding glory to the fame of the university—such as those of Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, Thomas Bradwardine, William of Occam (qq.v.), and Richard Fitzralph (see Appendix). To the writings of Occam Wyclif owed much; his interest in natural science and mathematics was considerable, but he applied himself most diligently to the study of theology and of ecclesiastical law, and also early
* The year 1324 is the one usually given; Rashdall in DNB, Ixiii. 202-204, reaches a conclusion different from that in the text, and says: ‘‘ 1324 is too early rather than too late a date.”