RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Zoroaster Zschokke
mate for Gallic clergy going to Rome. Zosimus declared certain ordinations by Proculus of Marseilles invalid, and also the pronouncements of a synod of Turin (401) which supported the contention of Proculus. The latter maintained himself, however, and Boniface I. allowed Patroclus’ claims to fall. (A. Hauck.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Liber pontificalis, ed. Mommsen in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 91; Jaffe, Regesta, i. 49-51; J. Langen, Geschichte der rémischen Kirche, i. 742-763, Bonn, 1881; L. Duchesne, Fastes épiscopaux de l’ancienne Gaule, i. 98-110, Paris, 1894; Mirbt, Quellen, pp. 57—58, 2d ed., 1901; Mansi, Concilia, iv. 345-376; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, pp. 357-358, Fr. transl., i. 1, pp. 504-505, Eng. transl., ii. 128, 456 sqq., 462-464; Ceillier, Auteurs sacrés, vii. 528-540, viii. 533-534, 569, ix. 453, 477, 484, 510, 635; Bower, Popes, i. 149-162; Platina, Popes, i. 96-99; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 179-195, 265, 267; KL, xii. 1988-89; DCB, iv. 1221-25 (elaborate). ZSCHOKKE, chek’ke, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL: German-Swiss novelist, author of Stunden der Andacht; b. at Magdeburg Mar. 22,1771; d. on his estate called Blumenhalde, opposite the city of Aarau, Switzerland, June 27, 1848. He was early left an orphan, and when seventeen left school to accompany a company of strolling actors and to serve as playwright; in 1790 he prosecuted his studies at Frankfort, studying theology there, and then serving for six months as preacher at Magdeburg and afterward as pastor at St. Catherine’s Church; next he became privat-docent for theology at Frankfort, meanwhile pursuing a wide range of reading in history, politics, finance, and forestry. He had already issued several publications, among them the drama Abdllino. His retirement from the university followed upon his opposition to a ministerial order and his expressed sympathy with the French Revolution, and he traveled widely, at length, in 1795, taking up his residence in Switzerland, becoming in 1796 an instructor at Reichenau in the Grisons. The victory of the Austrian party there in 1798 compelled the ardent lover of liberty to leave, and at Aarau he was welcomed and served his adopted country in literature and also in various civil posts. In his literary works he had distinctly the purpose of contributing to the ethical and social uplift of the people, coining the maxim: The education of the people is the people’s liberation. He retained his interest in theology and religion, and noted the decadence resulting from the French Revolution and the Napoleonic régime. In order to counteract this he published anonymously from 1808 to 1816 Stunden der Andacht, a religious but rationalistie journal, which had an immense success, and was brought together and published as a devotional collection in 1816. It was twice translated into English, in whole or in part (Hours of Meditation and Devotional Reflection, London, 1843; and Handbook of Family Devotion, 1863). The secret of its authorship was preserved till 1842, when the author, in his autobiographic Selbstschau, acknowledged its source. The work was violently assailed by the Roman Catholic clergy, and such Protestants as Tholuck denied its Christian character, the latter writing his ‘‘ Hours of Devotion ”’ to counteract its effects. While theologians decried it, the popular estimation of it was high; it met a great need in the world of laymen.
guctphee Zwickau Prophets
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Zschokke’s works, consisting of novels, tales, dramas, and historical writings, were collected in 35 vols., Aarau, 1851-54. Some of these were several times translated into English, e.g., The Bravo of Venice, London, 1805, 1844, and often; his Popular History of Switzerland, or History of Switzerland, London, 1833, 1834; The Goldmaker’s Village, London, 1845; and individual tales in various collections. Some of them went also into most of the continental languages of Europe.
(W. Haporn.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Consult, besides the Selbstschau noted
above, the biographies by O. Hunziker, Zurich, 1884;
J. J. Baibler, Aarau, 1884; in ADB, xlv. 449 sqq.; and in
Schweizer Rundschau, 1891.
ZUETPHEN, GERARD ZERBOLT VAN. See