RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
pucteres Zwickau Prophets
lectio confessionum, pp. 191-217, Leipsic, 1840; and E. F. K. Miiller, Bekenntnisschriften der reformierten Kirche, ib. 1908. Consult: Schaff, Creeds, i. 471-473; A. Ruchat, Hist. de la réformation en Swisse, vol. v., 6 vols., Geneva, 1727-28; K. B. Hundeshagen, Con/licte des Zwinglianismus, Bern, 1842; J. H. A. Ebrard, Das Dogma vom heiligen Abendmahl, ii. 484-524, Frankfort, 1846; C. Pestalozzi, Bullinger, pp. 8738-387, Elberfeld, 1858; W. Walker, John Calvin, pp. 395-397, New York, 1906; and, in general, works on the lives of Bullinger, Calvin, and Farel. ZWEMER, SAMUEL MARINUS: Reformed; b. at Vriesland, Ottawa Co., Mich., Apr. 12, 1867. He was educated at Hope College, Holland, Mich. (A.B., 1887), and New Brunswick Theological Seminary (1890). From 1891 to 1905 he was a missionary at Busrah, Bahrein, and elsewhere in Arabia, and during this time traveled extensively through the peninsula. He was organizer and chairman of the Mohammedan Missionary Conference at Cairo in 1906, but resided chiefly in the United States, 1905-10, and did much missionary work in the churches of his denomination. In 1910 he returned to his missionary field on the Arabian Gulf. He has written Arabia, the Cradle of Islam, with an Account of Islam and Mission-Work (New York, 1900); Raymond Lull, First. Missionary to the Moslems (1902); Topsy-Turvy Land: Arabia Pictured for Children (in collaboration with his wife; 1902); Islam: A Challenge to Faith (1908); Nearer and Farther East: Studies of Moslem Lands and Siam, Burma, and Korea (in collaboration with A. J. Brown; 1908); The Unoccupied Mission Fields of Africa and Asia (1911); Daylight in the Harem (1911; in collaboration with Annie Van Sommer); and (in part) Islam and Missions (1911). In 1911 he began the publication of the quarterly The Moslem World, issued in London, and he has collaborated with Annie Van Sommer in editing Our Moslem Sisters (New York, 1907), and with E. M. Wherry and J. L. Barton in editing Mohammedan World of To-Day (1907).
ZWICK, isvik, JOHANNES: Reformer in Constance and South Germany; b. at Constance c. 1496; d. at Bischofszell (8 m. n.w. of St. Gall), Switzerland, Oct. 23, 1542. He received his early education in Constance and Basel, entered the lower ranks of the clergy, went in 1509 to Freiburg to study law under his fellow countryman Zasius; with his younger brother Konrad he journeyed to Bologna in 1518, and in 1520 took his doctorate in both kinds of law at Siena. Both brothers came under the influence of Luther, and while Konrad went to Wittenberg, Johannes went to Basel as teacher of law, though soon regretting that for the sake of law he had neglected theology. In 1522 he sought out Zwingli at Zurich, and then went to Constance to prepare for taking up his ministry, having been made priest in 1518. Though warned by his bishop not to teach anything new, on taking his first charge at Riedlingen he preached Evangelical doctrine. He worked for the general betterment of life, and amid conditions which were especially difficult. He also married. He was present at the great disputation at Zurich Oct. 25-28, 1523. On his return to Riedlingen the attempt was made to arrest him, but the people prevented this. In the spring of 1524 he visited Basel and Strasburg, and on his return the chapter began persecutions
anew. When he married a divorced pair who had not the money to secure a papal dispensation and in a tractate urged other pastors to the same course, the storm broke. For a time he went to Constance, where he was besought to accept a preaching office; meanwhile he was cited to Rome, which mandate he disregarded, and in 1526 by imperial rescript his office was taken from him, and he was declared a heretic. The same year he wrote a tract of exhortation to his old parishioners which had its recognized effect in confirming them in the Gospel. In 1527 Zwick assumed the preaching office in his native city, where with Ambrosius and Thomas Blaurer and his brother Konrad he worked in advancing the Reformation, which was firmly established by May 6 of that year and was practically completed when, in 1531, an order of discipline was introduced. In the work of building up the church Zwick was indefatigable, especially in his labors for youth, issuing writings and catechetical works for their instruction. Not less important were his labors in the cause of hymnology, issuing as early as 1536 a hymn-book for church use, to which he contributed seventeen hymns, among them the wellknown “ Auf diesen Tag bedenken wir.” In collaboration with Pellican in 1535 he issued at Zurich a New Testament in Latin and German. He also edited numerous smaller books of educational, confessional, or historical value. Meanwhile he was an earnest and effective pastor, looking after the schools, the poor, the sick, and the refugees.
His labor was not confined to his native city, but in the neighboring regions of Switzerland and in South Germany he did pioneer and yeoman work. Although he came into close and friendly connection with Luther and Melanchthon, he did not favor the Wittenberg Concord (q.v.), and his influence in 1540 prevented Constance from entering the Swiss Union, there being no apparent reason for withdrawing from the Schmalkald League. In his largehearted geniality he subjected himself to suspicion by entertaining those who as fugitives appealed to his pity, even though they were opposed by the orthodox. Under his constant labors his health broke down; in 1541 he was near to death, but recovered. In 1542 he went to render service in the plaguestricken Bischofszell, was himself seized by the disease, and died in harness. After his death Blaurer purposed to edit Zwick’s works, and began with the sermons preached just before Zwick left for Bischofszell, prefixing a noble preface and the first short sketch of Zwick’s life. Subsequent events prevented the carrying out of the plan. Zwick’s Gebete und Lieder fiir die Jugend were edited by Spitta (Géttingen, 1901). (G. BossmRT.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: T. Keim, in Jahrbiicher fiir deutsche The-
ologie, 1854, pp. 586, 584, 1855, pp. 356-411; T. Kolde,
Analecta Lutherana, Gotha, 1883; Briefe und Akten, in
Mitteilungen zur vaterlindischen Geschichte, vols. xxiv.
sqq., St. Gall, 1891 sqq.; F. Cohrs, Die evangclischen
Katechismusversuche vor Luther, iv. 44-141, 245, Berlin,
1902; Monatschrift fiir Gottesdienst und kirchliche Kunst,
1897, pp. 267, 326-350, 1898, pp. 8323-332; and the works
on the lives of Bullinger, Butzer, Capito, and Zwingli.
ZWCIKAU PROPHETS: A short-lived subsect of the radical Anabaptists (see ANABAPTISTS, I1.), taking their name from their origin in the city of Zwickau (60 m. s.w. of Dresden), and receiving
Zwickau Prophets Zwingli, Huldreich