PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
The Pulpit Commentary — John — Volume 1
Henry Robert Reynolds [1825-1896] · 515,280 words · 526 reading sections
The Pulpit Commentary — John — Volume 1 — Section 1
THE PULPIT COMMENTARY, EDITED BY THE VERY REV. H. D. lVI. SPENCE, D.D., DEAN OF OLOUCESTER; AND BY THE REV. JOSEPH S, EXELL, M.A. WITH INTRODUCTIONS BY THE VERY REV. F. W. FARRAR, D.D., F.R.S., DEAN OF CANTERBDRY. RIGHT REV. H. COTTERILL, D.D., F.R.S.E. VERY REV. PRINCIPAL J. TULLOCH, D.D. REV. CANON G. RA…
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Fourth Gospol and tbo Ruthor of the Apocalypse. pp. h:Yi-lxxxvii. (a) Tho Johnnnino a.uthol'l!hip of the Apocalypse. (CL) Internal evidence. (1:1) Externnl evidence. (b) 'l.'ho phenomena of divergenoo nnd rescmbla.noe between the Apocnlypso nnd the Fourth Gospel. (CL) The grnmm11tioal and lexical diffcrenoes. (/3) The …
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law, we hRve either to modify our notion of the law in order to take in this new case, or else to allow that it passes beyond our law altogether. 3. Now we have before us here a unique work end a presumed author. The more the Fourth Gospel has been focussed in the light of criticism, the more convinced do we become…
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Clemene Aloxo.ndrinus preserved a story which he declares i~ no fiction, hut a verihhlo foct (Eusebius, 'Hist. Eccl.,' iii. 23), which blends the apostle of love with the enthUBiasm o.go.inst wrong, 11nd helps one to feel the reality of the nature, composite though it might be, which could have produced the two most wo…
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in<livi<lunl. If the Fourth Gospel l,e nothing but e.n invention, a snbjectlv;c creation, without historic bRSis or conviction; and if the Apocalypse be a polltiool manifesto, and answers t.o no objective revell\tion ;-then the authorship of the two documents, notwithst1m<ling remarkable coincidences between them, c…
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or Christ dwelt in men richly in all Rpiritual understanding (Col. iii. lG). They remembered his word that it was "more blessed to give than to receive" (Acts xx. 35). Hitunlism and extcrno.lity in religion were vanishing before the remembrance that he was "Lord or the sabbath" and "greater than the temple," that hi…
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hum1tnity nnd or the Church, the realized presence of tlie Holy Spirit, a continual refer<>nce to Christ-to his character, to his death, and his blood, his resurrection, and ascension, his second ad,ent, and the judgment of quick and dead. Now, if Oh,-ist bo u reality, if the story of the synoptic Gospels can be trnet.…
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inhmitance, a faith that has made heroes and martyrs, a faith that works by lovo, a hope thnt will not nrnke us A.Shamed. J t is a mi~take t.o regard the GoRpel of John as the acropolis or citadel of tbo Christian faith. The Christian Church was established; the new Jerusalem came down out of hea,·en; the great Hig…
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epiritual life of advnnced thinkers. The power of faith to hen!, to invigorate, anrl cloanee; the mighty energies of holy lovo and self-sacrifice; the fact that the stron11est, most energetic, love of man to man eprings from common love to the Holiest and'' the Best; 'the victory of love over death; and the revelation …
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II. Tm: DETAlLS OF THE ASSAULT, The history of the M91lnlt upon the Fourth Gospel reveals an extended campaign and ~any ~ostile ~or~ and _is instructive from t~e f~ct that many of the hypotheses (rncons1stent with its genuineness) have been relinquished by the successive assailants as incompatible with known facts …
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friend" LUcko that he fears his scepticism may be grievous to him, touching the literary vindication of the authenticity of this "tender, unique, veritably supreme Goepel." Yet before this preface was written, an event of consummate influence had occurred, viz. the publication, in 1835, of Strauss's 'Leben Jeeu,' which…
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been written RS an efrenicon, with the endeavour to prove, by forged factR, that Peter and Paul were not really estr::mged from one another; that the substance of their preoohing WI\S practically identical, Rnd that their relation to the heathen world and to tl10 logal observance by Jews of circumcision lmd much in …
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Wo shall see tho further proof that JusUn Martyr, a.bout A.o.150, was acquainted with tho Gospel. '!'ho evidence has been sufficient to convince Hilgenfeld (' Das Evangelium uncl clio Uriefo Johannis nach ihrem Lehrbegriffe dargestellt:' 184D; 'Die Evangelien,' 1854, see also hie recently published 'Historisch-Kritisch…
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conspicuous in the Fir_st and Third Gospels ;-what a miracle of ingenuity the Fourth Gospel becomes I It 1s even more wonderful than if it be regarded as a simple record of the memories of an unforgotten past. 'l'he.t Just.in, Montanus, e.nd Valentinus, the.t Ignatius and Polyoarp, should have had this venerated fr…
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by succe:;;si 1·c opponents of lhc i;nystery of God thcrciu revealed is hopelessly shl\tterod. Consequentl~-. there is, to sl\y the least, as much room for predispos1tion l\nd bias on the one side as on the other. III. EXTERNAL EVIDENCE OP THE EARLY ExrSTEN'OE 011' TIIE FottR Gol!PELI!. 1. Introd,u:wry remarks. (1) l…
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11s wo find nltribut.ecl to tho citntions from the Gospels. It is not possible, on tho hround of this vnguenesR or innccuracy, to argue that the apologists never saw or read 1bo Greek trnnsla.tions of tbo Old Testament. The same indulgence should be afforrlo,t to tbo o.postolic I<'nthers nnd npologistij, when they cite…
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the close of the second century, was a. presbyter in Rome, and w&e in dnnger of la.psing into the V11lentinian heresy concernin~ the unity of God. The letter records the early experience of lrenmus and his youthful recollections of Polycarp, the disciple of St. John, and the grief that Polycarp would have felt if he…
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<lie<l before the encl of the century), writing to B heathen, Autolycns, declares that in the prophets ancl in tho Gospels the same things were advanced, ancl that all alike was spoken under the inspiration of the one Spirit of God. Among these testimonies he quotes, from John's Gospel arnl under thn.t designation, eh…
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This circurnslnnce rrvonls the fact that divergences of text o.roso befol'o either tho ::lyriac or Old Latin Vel'sion was made, and we nre thrown still further back ton period long before the time of Marcion for the original autograph from which those two families of texts must genealogically have descended. 'l'ortu…
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known thnt thls Ouspel di<l not contain passages which were unrlouhtedly in Justio'd nuthorities. There is, in fact, notl1ing in Justin's quotations from the "memoirs" which is not eubstantinlly conlaincd in the canonical Gospels, and the deviations are only s11ch as cnn bo purallele<l by the later writerd who <lid in…
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to the Old Latin trnnslatfon, in one of its best manuscripts of Matt. iii. 15 (a, Codex Vercellen~is), hlls n pRs~Rge Rlmost identical. Nor does this stand alone; for Codex D of Luke iii. 22 gil'cs 1-yi'.i '"1/"pa11 .,...,,1v.,.,,1ro. II'• for 111 ll'ol ,~3&,,.11ll'a, together with a b c, tJ, l. Moreover, they l\re …
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three prophetic passages together, and mixed them up with remarks of his own; once he quoted Zachariah professedly, but the passage is really his own composition, founded on words nnd thoughts derived from Zechariah, Isaiah, and Joel. The only 'luotation from Plato is from the 'Timreus,' and consists of words which, th…
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birth. He also calls attention to the Clementine 'Homilies,' xi. 2G, where eome of the same deviRtions from the Fourth Gospel may be seen, with sundry ndditlons. Baur (' K~non. Evang.,' 352) snpposed the Clementine author drew it from tho • Gospel to the Hebre'1'8.' So al~o Zeller. The author of 'Supernatural Religi…
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(6) 'DiBl.,' 66, with eh. viii. 28, 29. (7) • Apo!.,' i. 66: "We were taught that the bread and wine wero the flesh and blood or thnt Jesus who was made flesh." We can scarcely believe that Justin had n0t seen eh. i. B nnd vi. 61-66. (8) • Apol.,' i. 60, n~d 'Dial.,' _91: h?__ refers to the brazen serpent as typical …
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Philo l!C&rcely pre~rves the ambiguity which it has in Pie.to and othe~ Greek wrltere, I ll has tbe mco.niug or "re&Bon," or Ao;-os l111iul.6,Tos, rather than "word," or Ao;-os "Po• .pop11cos, and when Philo referred oo the creative "Word," he used the other term ~1,µr,., or even II combination of the two, the Ao;-o…
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Dr. Abbott (City or London School), in two articles in the Modern Review, 1882, endeavours Lo minimize the effect of the qnotations on which we have commented, by emphasizing their verbal disagreement with the text of John; and. following the line of Dr. Davidson and A. 'l'homa, be shows that there are plaoes in .)usti…
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lwl'lft h century, says th11t Ephrem Syrus wr0te a commr.nl.1ry on 'l'ntfan's harmony, 1111d th11t it begnn 'ldlh eh. i. 1. So stmtling a fact has been vehemently repudiaicd liy tho opponents 0£ tho Fonrtli G0spcl, ~nd certainly the tosti_mony appears Jato a~d d11bio11s; but seo l~ero L$htfou~.•~ (art.Jclo m Conf~m…
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is said with reference to Lnko and John is as follows. It is noticeablo th:tt tlio way in which Luka le introduced shows that it was regarded by the writer as tho Third Gospel. " Tlio third book of tho Gospol is that o.ccording to Luke. Luke, th,1t physician, artcr the ascension of Ohrist, when Paul has taken him (sec…
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Eusebius (' Hist. Ecol.,' iii. 36) says, " Wbile Polycarp wa.s in Asia, and was Bishop of Smym&, Papias WM well known as Bishop of the Church in Hieropolis, a man well skilled in all manner of leamin!?, and well acquainted with • the Scriptures.'" Jn iii. 39 Eusebius a.gain speaks of him a.s u,pl,Spa. "l"Kp~s &,., .…
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Now, thie" older John" is supposed by some to be the author or the Second 1mrl 'l'hird Rpistlcs of John. Keim has urged, in hie 'Jesus of Nazara,' that this second John Is nuthor or the Gospol, the John alone known to Papias or to Polycarp; and he denies that John, son of Zebedee, was ever at Ephesus at all. Eusobius …
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Ihat they Rl"e by the snme author Rs that of the First Epistle, from which, Eusehiue also ~tates, rapiR.S quot.ed, giving another reason for the identification of the two Johns. 'l'hough Eusebius is really the Ruthor of the tradition of the two Johns, yet he <loee not hesitate t-0 say (' Chronicon,' Zoe. cit.) that …
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them which o.re in fo.ct microscopic. But the transfusion of 1 John iv. 2, 3 into the follo~ing pnssnge is convincing to many sceptical minds: "For every one who does not conJ'oss that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh i~ antichrist; and whosoever does not confess the testimony of the cross is of the devil." This beco…
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problem&tical reference, though not impossible (p. 274; see e.lso Westcott on the Ce.non, p. 211; e.nd 'Introduction to the Gospel,' xxxii.). Davidson does not e.dmit e.ny resemble.nee. (4) The so-rolled SEooNn EPISTLE OF CLEMENT. The recent discovery of Drycnnioe (see Bishop Lightfoot'e edition,• Apostolic Fathers…
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hypotheAis of text, the reference to the 'Fourth Gospel is very marked, and could not, ns the o.utbor of 'Supcrno.turnl Religion' urges, have been derived from tho theosophy of Philo. Jn tho • Epistle to tho Romans,' c. vii. 2 (in both Curetoniim and Vossian texts), "The living water (6Bcop a~ (iiw), speaking within …
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the Christian Chnrch a character of considerable imvortnnce when thus used and quoted as authorities for idms which the writers did not hold. ·we will commence with those which establish this far-reaching iuflucnco in the close of the second century, and then move backwards. I. CELSUII. We are brought into contact …
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But Drossol, in 1863, having discovered tho manuscript of 'Hom.,' xix., not previously known to exist, published it. In this is contained the remarkable quotath:,n (xix. 22): "It ie for this ronson 111s0 that our Lorri replied to those who questioned him concerning the man blind '"lpoii from his birth, who received …
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the 'R~futation of all Heresies,' now generally attributed to him, has given much tdditional information. It is Rdmitted that. onr knowledge of Valentinus and of his disciples comes to us Recond hand, but we find a decisive proof that Irenrous wrote his work against heresies not later than A.D. 182, perhaps earlier…
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Hilaenfeld (' Dae Evangelinm und die BrieCe Johannis nach ihrem Lehrbe.,.riff darge;tellt:' 1849) seeks by a most elaborate proce~s to trace the subject-matter or"the prologue and the Logos-id~a, that of God and r~demption, to the Gnostic speculations, especially those of Valentrnus. Thoma. (Zoe. cit., p. 822) admits …
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foot's 'Comm. on Coloss.'). The first reply to such ll proceeding is simply this-thRt the germs of Gnost.ic evil lay in the religious speculations of the first century, And were derived from OrientKl sources. Moreover, satisfactory external evidence for these pastorRl Epistles, at much earlier date than A.D. 150, is…
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VI. 'I'm: CANONIOITY OJ!' THE FounTB GosPET,. By this we mean the proof that it takes its place, with the other Gospels and the most o.uthentic Epistles, in the oldest collections of sacred books, in the earliest versions of them into other languages, and the most celebrated and earliest-known manuscripts of the New '…
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(_2) The author of the Fourth Gospel is cb1trged with ignorance of topo~raphicnl facta which a Jew would newr have displayed. The i!!llorance of enlightened Englishmen, in the days of ~chool boards e.nd large m11ps and ;rdnance surveys, nbout geographical facts is no proof th11t they are not Englishmen; and ten thou…
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minntim of the Jewish le.w of circumcision (var. 23), and the current notion concerning the 3,arr..-opa -rwv 'EMl,vwv, Moreover, the result of the solemn deba.te is tbat "many believed on him" (vers. 81, 41, 46). The seventh e.nd eighth chapters reveal the nuthor's intimate acquaintance with the ceremonial of the li…
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l\nd the Logos theory of the Fourth Gospel is missing "-a link which he finds in the J<Jpistle to the Hebrews and in some of PRul's EpisUes. Luthardt and Godet boldly repudiate the influence or the purely Alexandrine school upon the Fourth Gospel.I We must admit thnt there is o peculiar phraseology adopted by the auth…
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(3) While some striking superficial, metaphorical resemblances cnn be traced between Philo and tho Fourth Gospel, it must not ho forgotten that similar pnrnllefa are drawu between Philo and other books of the New Testament; and Sicgf,ied (lib. cit.) has I,1 boured with pntient scholarship to trace the influenco of P…
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denoting the innemwst "Essenca of God;" l\l'ld >.&ror 'lrpo~oprl<6!, the Logos Issuing from God, RB" word ~rokcn," to r;,venl thought and manifest nctivity. • Philo hnd epoken mninly of tho former under the attributes e.Cos 11.ntl tho like; nnd ho is speaking still of the form<'r when he calls Ad-yos the "eldest Son…
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<'ntcrcd into tho mind of Israel that tho ps:tlmist (Ps. xxxiii. 6) snys, "By the wor,1 ()f tho Lord were the hol\vens made," where tho LXX'.. uses the word ,\&-yo, ror tho Hebrew 1J1. In Pa. cxlvil. 15, "The worcl of the Lord runneth very swiftly," is one of the tor'ms used to describe the creative and providential go…
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establi!!bes a connection hctwccn the later boob 1tnd dAut.cro-cnnonicnl bool{s of the Old T01<tament end the Christian doctrine of the writer to the Hebrews, which are not only independent of Philo, but also of the author of the Fourth Gospel. It becomes probable that. the doctrine, which is supposed by some to be …
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have been for more appropriate if he had been referring to a testimony once for all given by a third party. The closing words oC the Gospel further solemnly associate the loved disciple with the 11uthor of t~e Gospel, r~veal_ing t~e very early tradition and the uniform testimony of the manuscripts to the 1dent1ficat…
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and able to nsk a prh·nt-0 question and recci'\"e an nnswer unnoticed by the rest (eh. xviil, 23). "Peter nnd this other di~ciple" are both wiLh our Lonl in the court of Annns (eh. xviii. 16). Peter denies his Master, and, as we learn from the synoptic narmtivc weut out, but "the other disciple" remained, and, while…
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Thero can be emnll quostion, 11.nd it is admitted by some of tlie most rationalistic of writers, that the author wishes it to ho supposed that ho w~s no other and no less than John tho son of Zobclleo. 'l'ho 11nth_or, whoever he was, by adopli11g a thin disguise (which was stripped of1: in tho carlie_st ,evangelical tr…
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moy ho.ve bocn the moro prominent of the two in the request made by Salome, and on other occasions in which we see a repressed passion, at times, storming forth from the two brethren. But John himself is described (Mark ix. 38, etc.; Luke ix. 49, etc.) as eay'.ng to our Lord, as though in sympathy with the solemn and t…
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This con8idcmblo list of tcstimo·oics to the spirit of the writer, to the suppressed passion of stormy wrnth which burned within him, is more than enough to show that the ••John" of the eynoptists is not in the smallest degree incompatible with the charactPr of the author of this Fourth Gospel; while the obvious int…
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reprcaentntion is that these are some of the greater works which the ap0stlc~ were beginning to perform (eh. v. 20), because the Lord is exalted to tl,e glory which he had witli the Fnther before the world was (eh. xvii. 5; xvi. 7). The Iloly Spirit is given bec11use Jesus is glorified (eh. vii. 39). Peter, the intimat…
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referring to the Re.me circurust:mces, designe.ks "Jamcs, Cephas, and John," as those" who 800med to be pillars" of the Church: and St. Paul speaks of their giving the rio-ht hands of fellowship to himgelf for au apostolata to the Gentiles. 'l'he essence of the 1.'tibiugen hypothesis is tho.t Paul wrung a dubious an…
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(' Ad Pra.x.,' o. 15; 1 Adv. Marc.,' iii. 8; and in other places), Irenreus (' Aclv. ll.:•r.' iii. 10), Clemens Alex., nnd Origen repeatedly cite it as the work of the Apus:lc Jobr:, M also Cyprian (' Ep.,' 28). The opposition lo the universal conviction of the Church commenced with ,foseph Scaliger, who doubted the c…
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on the one hand, that, in tho Gospel, our Lord docs speak of II hst day an:l of n dny of judgm<'nt, when he would personally ju(lgo tho world (see eh. v. 28, 21); vi, 39, 40, 44-, 54). And the writer of the Epistlc, while ho conllrrus this expectation, dcclnr"i that those who believe on the Son of God have "eternal …
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mode to tho two sncrnmcnts, and is a. less spiritnal interprctntion. "If t;,.:i one p1s 9,,,,, doeigneclly refers to tho other, the fact of their difTercnt acceptations implies <l,ffc;·'.·nt writers." 'l'his is a most. entirely ~re.t_uHous interpretation of b,Jlh passages (~lather). If there were nny eymbohcal moaur…
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Surely the endeRvonr to separate the authorship of the First Epistle from that or tl1e Fourth Gospt·l hrcnks down at every point. The Epistle is in all probability nn appendix to the Gosrcl, writtennta still nwrc advanced age thnu was the 11,rentol' document. It hRs t.hrown the light of the life of Christ upon the s…
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supposed momoril\ls w,Jro of tho one and same Juhn tho apostle," indicatina an obscurity mnong the guides in tho city as to the true resting-place of John" th,! apostlo. But Jerome had not finally concluded in favour of this mythical John th 9 presbyter, for ho enumemtes soven Catholic Epistles of James, Peter, ,T,,…
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or gnide, ·who might on t,his bnsis hM·e felt tk1t thero wonld nnt11rnlly unfold itself t,he ofiice of a bishop, or 11ngel, or npostle, ns the cnse might demnnd. LnthBrdt ('St.John the Author oft.he Fourth Go~pel,' p. 132) criticizes vcr)• successfully Euscblus'e inferences froTQ the fragment of Papias, and shows th…
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.